– English Lyrics

Lyrics & Translation

[English]

[Music]

Heat. Heat.

History tells that in the 16th century,

the great Inca Empire fled from the

ferocious onslaught of Spanish

concistadors. Somewhere deep inside the

jungles of Peru, the Incas built a last

stronghold. There they made their final

stand against their ruthless enemy.

But with their death, the memory of

where this last refuge was

disappeared. But one man was determined

to find

it. An American explorer named Hyram

Bingham. He was Indiana Jones. He was

6'4. He looked like a Hollywood idol. He

was a man obsessed with this mission.

Bingham was a tough tough explorer. No

Andian mountain seems to have been too

high for him. No jungle too dense. And

he did find an extraordinary Inca

city. Machu

Picchu. It was hailed as the lost city

in the

clouds. A spiritual Inca refuge perching

high on top of a skyscraping mountain.

Bingham was convinced he had found the

long-lost city of the Incas.

their final refuge from the Spanish

conquest. But all was not as it

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seemed. In 1911, there was a young

scholar specializing in modern Latin

American history at Yale University,

USA.

Hyram Bingham. But he was no

impoverished academic. Bingham was 36

years old, married to Alfredo Mitchell,

an ays to the Tiffany Diamond

Empire. They had six young sons and

lived in a 30- room mansion on top of a

hill. He was a man who seemed to have

all the comforts of life.

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But Bingham was restless and driven.

Haram Bingham had a really compulsive

need to become famous and I think that's

because of his family. He was Haron

Bingham III and I think that's

incredibly important because his

grandfather Haron Bingham the first he

was a very powerful impressive

missionary character and so was his

father Haron Bingham I so there's this

legacy this weight on his shoulders that

he had to prove himself or or do

something with his life at the very

least what that something could be he

had absolutely no idea.

[Music]

Yeah. To secure a permanent position at

Yale University. Bingham went to Peru in

1909 to study the Spanish trade routes

between Buenazeres and Lemur.

During the journey, he was invited by

his guide to see an ancient Inca site

high up in the Andes

Mountains. It was an event that would

change his

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life. It was my first introduction to

prehistoric American history. I agreed

not knowing that it was going to lead me

into a fascinating

field. Bingham is taken to this remote

incaruin called Chi Cural uh which means

cradle of gold and is immediately struck

by the romance of the position.

The Inca ruins lay 10,000 ft above sea

level and the climb was astounding with

breathtaking views of the distant

snowcapped mountains and the roar of the

Apuramac River below. It was also

exhilarating. At times the trail was so

steep that it was easier to go on all

fours than to attempt to walk erect.

Most of the time we were hanging on to

the side of the mountain almost by our

eyelids.

On the way up they saw amazing sights,

including a huge condor that sailed down

to take a look at

them. We could not only see his cruel

beak and great talons, but even the

whites of his eyes. It was an awe

inspiring moment.

Bingham was a tough tough explorer. No

Andian mountain seems to have been too

high for him. No jungle too

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dense. Eventually they reached the Inca

ruins on the flattened peak.

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For Bingham, it was a magical

experience. Choke Karau was built in the

15th century and was believed to be a

sacred Inca dwelling and one of their

frontier

fortresses. It was designed to defend

the approaches to their great capital

city, Kusco.

Bingham wrote to his wife Alfreda to

tell her it was the most interesting

place he had ever

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seen. He's amazingly impressed by the

remains of Inca architecture because

he'd never known about this before. He'd

heard of the Incas, but he didn't know

that what they'd achieved was quite as

impressive as this. And people see this

as sort of epiphany. You know, this

really changes the direction of his

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life. Till now, Bingham's knowledge of

South American history was limited to

the Spanish colonial days, and he knew

very little about the

Incor. As he looked out to the distant

mountains, Bingham was keen to find out

more about them.

Who were these people who built this

extraordinary place? What was their

story? Those snowcapped peaks in an

unknown and unexplored part of Peru

fascinated me greatly. They tempted me

to go see what lay beyond. And he

thought of his line from

Kipling. Something hidden. Go and find

it. go and look behind the ranges.

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You get this feeling that this this

worked on him on his imagination that

somewhere just beyond the range was a

city, a world, a reputation to be found.

[Music]

Back in the Yale library, Bingham began

researching the Inca history. He opened

the pages of the Spanish Chronicles, a

key source on Spain's golden age of

discovery, conquest, and colonization of

the

Americas. He began reading more about

the Incas. And of course, even as a

non-academic, the story of the

concistadors and the Incor is incredibly

exciting.

Bingham learned how from the early 13th

century to the middle to late 16th

century, the Incas were the most

powerful empire in the

Americas. Their domain stretched over

2,000 m from modern-day Chile to the

Amazon. But then came

catastrophe. In 1532, the Spanish

concistadors, headed by their ruthless

leader, Francisco Pizarro, entered the

Inca heartland. He was hellbent on their

destruction. Over the next 40 years, the

Spaniards drove the Indians from their

cities and slaughtered them in their

thousands. Bingham really is intrigued

by the history of the last Incards and

what they done after the Spaniards

arrived.

Bingham's eyes were drawn to an account

where a young Inca emperor named Mango

had led his people as they fled their

capital city Kusco in

1536. Mano managed to escape the Spanish

and created a new Inca capital called

Vitkos 10,000 ft above sea level

somewhere in the remote mountainous

region of the Vilka Bamba Valley.

But the Spanish concistadors were in hot

pursuit and the Incor fled again. This

time the chronicle said they went down

from their mountain homes into the

Amazon

lowland. There, protected by a dense

jungle in the largest rainforest in the

world, they built a new city called Vil

Kabamba.

And it was here that the Incor made

their last

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stand. But it was all to no

avail. In

1572, the Spaniards finally defeated the

Incor. And so with their death, their

last refuge, Vilabamba, disappeared from

history.

[Music]

Bingham was transfixed by the story of

Vilabamba. But for all the references of

the city, there was one vital clue

missing. Nobody, as far as he could see,

knew where it was. This appealed to

Bingham as a puzzle he could solve

himself.

[Music]

Bingham tried to work out where

Vilabamba could

be. The Spanish Chronicles said it lay

30 m and two long days journey from

Vidcos, but he had no idea even where

Vitkos

was. Continuing his studies, he found

another

clue. The chronicle said that Vitkos was

100 mi northwest of Kusco along the

Urabamba Valley in the Andes mountain

range. Bingham knew where Kusco was. He

had visited it on his last trip to South

America. But if no one knew where Vitkos

was, how would he know when he'd reached

it?

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There was a further clue in the Spanish

accounts. They said that there was a

sacred area with a large white rock

close by the city. So if Bingham could

locate the white rock, he would know he

had found Vitkos.

Now Bingham realized that if he could

find Vitkos then two days beyond it he

should be able to find Vil

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Kabamba. This Bingham thought would be

how he could make his name. He would

lead an expedition to find the Inca's

last refuge, Vil Kabamba.

Bingham began to form his team.

He needed to be funded to take an

expedition down there. Particularly

then, it was an expensive

business. The first thing Bingham did

was approach a number of

corporations. Businesses specializing in

America's outdoor country pursuits

offered their support.

Abbercrombie and Fitch supplied Bingham

with an explorer's outfit.

He managed to get Winchester to give him

a rifle, Kodak to give a camera, and

then he turned to his classmates.

Bingham estimated that he would need six

expedition members, and that each one

would require $1,800 to cover their

travel and food expenses.

One former classmate heard about his

plans and offered him $1,800 if he would

take a Yale geologist with

him. Bingham snapped up the

offer. Others came forward. One was a

topographer, another a mountain climbing

engineer. Eventually, Bingham got

together a multid-disciplinary team.

So, he's got a doctor, a naturalist,

geologist, a couple of topographers. So,

it's a pretty good, well-rounded,

versatile

team. To pay his own way, Bingham

promised to write four articles for the

fashionable Harper's magazine. But he

was still $1,800 short.

Only now did he turn to the one source

he could rely on, his wife Alfreda, to

tap the Tiffany

fortune. She

[Music]

agreed. Bingham's party left New York

for Peru on the 8th of June, 1911.

[Music]

Their destination, the former Inca

capital city,

Cusco. This, Bingham knew, lay near the

Urabamba Valley in the Andes mountain

range and would be his starting off

point.

[Music]

Bingham's expedition arrived in Kusco on

the 2nd of July

1911. His aim was to first locate the

sacred white rock at Vitkos, then to

make his way down from the mountains

into the land Amazon jungle to search

for Vela Bambber.

[Music]

Bingham and his best friend, a

naturalist named Harry Foot, set out on

the morning of the 19th of July 1911 on

their quest for where they believed Vil

Kabamba could

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be. The rest of the party were

dispatched to carry out geological and

mapping surveys of the Andes. So they

head off across the the high altitude

lands, then descend into the Urubamba

Valley itself. The Urubamba is the

famous sacred valley of the Incas and

follow the the river along sort of

heading generally in the direction

northwest.

[Music]

Bingham kept a meticulous diary of his

expedition. Today it is regarded as one

of the greatest firstirhand accounts in

the history of exploration.

I had entered the marvelous canyon of

the Uru Bamba. Here the river runs

through gigantic mountains of granite. I

know of nowhere in the world that can

compare with it. Bingham writes in the

most compulsive way. Here's someone with

academic authority and yet he knows how

to tell a good story.

Not only does it have great snow peaks

looming above the clouds more than 2

miles overhead, it also has in striking

contrast orchids and tree ferns and the

mysterious witchery of the jungle.

[Music]

He paints pictures with words and not

just of visual things, but of the heart,

you know, the spirit, what you're

feeling.

One is drawn irresistibly onward by ever

recurring surprises through a deepened

winding gorge, turning and twisting past

overhanging cliffs of incredible height.

He's still got a little way to go before

he gets to this area where he thinks

he's going to find Vikos, the old Inca

capital. Uh so he's sort of working

himself in, working the team in.

[Music]

On the evening of the 23rd of July 1911,

after a 70-mile journey from Kusco and

3/4 of the way to where Vitkos is said

to be, Bingham and Foot set up camp for

the night in a canyon surrounded by

steep mountains.

[Music]

They camp at a place called Mandor

Pamper and they meet a man there called

Melchure Artiaga and he questions him.

He says, "You know, are there are there

ruins around here?" Artiaga told Bingham

there were some fine ones on top of the

opposite mountain called Huena Pichu and

also on a ridge called Machu Picchu or

Old Peak.

people in Peru were always telling him

that uh if he gave them a bit of money

they could lead him to a ruin and there

was a little bit of sort of won't get

fooled again feeling in his team. They

had heard ruins were around many times

and they'd gone it would be one little

house or couple of things. And this is

where I think we have to give a lot of

credit to Bingham because lesser men

would have said, "Oh, for God's sake,

you know, there's not supposed to be

anything up that hill. There's nothing

in the history books. Um, this is just a

wild goose chase. Bingham noted the

ruins names in his pocket diary and

arranged for Artiaga to take him there

the following day.

[Music]

The morning of the 24th of July, 1911,

dawned with a cold

rain. Bingham prepared for his climb up

Machu

Picchu. His best friend, Harry Foot,

didn't fancy the wet

conditions. The naturalist said there

were more butterflies near the river.

Anyway, it was my job to

investigate. Artyaga shivered. He said

it was too hard to climb for such a wet

day. But when he found out that I was

willing to pay him three or four times

the ordinary daily wage, he finally

agreed to go.

[Music]

Artyaga and Bingham left the camp at

10:00

[Music]

a.m. After a walk of about 3/4 of an

hour, Artyaga left the main road and

plunged down through the bank of the

river. Here there was a primitive bridge

which crossed the roaring

[Music]

rapids. It was obvious that no one could

live for an instant in the icy cold

rapids but would immediately be dashed

to pieces against the rocks. He said, "I

admit freely I was on my hands and knees

going really, really slowly across and

all I could think of was, I hope the

water doesn't go up because it'll just

take the bridge

away." After the river came the

mountain. Leaving the stream, we now

struggled up the bank through dense

jungle.

[Music]

and in a few minutes reached the bottom

of a very precipitous

slope. For an hour and 20 minutes, we

had a hard climb.

A good part of the distance we went on

all fours, sometimes holding on by our

fingernails.

[Music]

Bingham was now climbing at nearly 8,000

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ft. Bingham was going up through very

difficult cloud

forest. Conditions were humid. It was

hard work.

Shortly afternoon, just as we were

completely exhausted, we reached several

good-natured Indians who were pleasantly

surprised by our unexpected

arrival. It seemed that these Indians

had chosen this eagle's nest for their

home.

[Music]

A small boy named Pablo Riche was sent

on to guide Bingham around the

ruins. He's led by this little boy

around a corner and he sees something

quite extraordinary.

Hardly had we left and rounded the

promonry. Then we were confronted with

an unexpected

[Music]

sight. A great flight of beautifully

constructed stonefaced terraces. perhaps

a hundred of them, each hundreds of feet

long and 10 feet high. They had recently

been rescued from the jungle by the

Indians. It is an amazingly evocative

description of firstly going through

what were lovely Inca terraces, Bing

Bingham says, and then slowly things

build.

[Music]

From the cleared stonework, he was

introduced to another spectacular

[Music]

site. Suddenly, without warning, under a

huge overhanging ledge, the boy showed

me a cave beautifully lined with the

finest cut stone.

And then he's going from one wonder to

another.

It had evidently been a royal mosselum.

On top of this particular ledge was a

semi-ircular building whose outer wall

gently sloping and slightly curved or a

striking resemblance to the famous

temple of the sun in Kusco. Clearly it

was the work of a master artist. Then

there's the the the temple with the

rounded wall and then cumulatively the

overall effect.

Bingham was stunned by its magnificence

and realized that this wasn't just some

little Inca settlement he has come to

see. It seemed like an unbelievable

dream.

Dimly, I began to realize that this wall

and its adjoining semic-ircular temple

over the cave were as fine as the finest

stonework in the

world. It fairly took my breath away.

What could this place be? Why had no one

given us any idea of it?

[Music]

Surprise followed surprise in

bewildering succession. Suddenly, we

found ourselves standing in front of the

ruins of two of the finest and most

interesting structures in ancient

America.

[Music]

There are cyclopian stones, as he calls

them. Stones the height of a human, but

beautifully worked with very, very fine

granite. On the east side of the plaza

was another amazing structure. The ruins

of a temple containing three great

windows looking out over the canyon to

the rising sun. Like its neighbor, it is

unique among Inca ruins.

[Music]

Bingham had made an extraordinary

discovery. It seemed almost too good to

be

[Music]

true. Would anyone believe what I had

found? Fortunately, in this land where

accuracy in reporting what one has seen

is not a prevailing characteristic of

travelers, I had a good camera and the

sun was shining.

[Music]

I know that you had a very special Kodak

camera that was made for traveling in

rugged territory and the negatives are

huge. So the resolution, you know, the

the detail is really fantastic.

[Music]

But one question puzzled

Bingham. Where was he? Now Bingham was

not really looking for a ruin in this

part of the world. So he couldn't make

sense of what he'd found.

Machu Picchu laid 70 mi from Kusco. So,

it couldn't be Vitkos, which was said to

be a 100 miles from Kusco. And it

couldn't be the Inca's last refuge,

Vilabamba, because that was said to be

30 mi on from VidCos, down on the jungle

plains. So, what was this astonishing

place?

Suddenly, Bingham's eye focused on some

charcoal graffiti on a rock of the

three- windowed

temple.

Learaga,

1902. His blood ran cold.

Bingham was a man who wanted to make a

name for himself and he was pulled up

short. He suddenly saw this graffiti.

Had some scholar got there

first. Bingham wrote the name Lizaraga

1902 in his diary and prayed it wasn't

another

explorer. Maybe he'd been picked to the

post. Maybe this wasn't really a

discovery at all.

[Music]

Deeply worried, Bingham made his way

back down the

mountain. He hardly mentioned the Machu

Picchu ruins when he returned to the

campsite below.

In fact, his best friend Harry Foot

wrote in his diary, "No special things

to

[Music]

note." Bingham discreetly asked Artyaga

about the Lizaraga 1902

graffiti. Artyaga told Bingham,

"Augustine Lizaraga is the discoverer of

Machu Picchu. He lives at San Miguel

Bridge just downstream of your

campsite." And at that point Aringa must

have sighed and thought that is that and

he actually writes it in his diary. Lisa

Raga is the

discoverer and his heart must have

[Music]

sunk. Bingham was horrified and set off

to find the mysterious Lizaraga.

But when he got to San Miguel Bridge,

Augustine Lzaraga was not at home. So

Bingham spoke to his brother

Angel. Angel told him that the ruins

were known in the valley and parts of it

were cultivated by farmers. His brother

was one of those

farmers. Bingham relaxed. Lizar wasn't a

rival academic after all.

He was just a local Peruvian

peasant. Bingham's discovery of Machu

Picchu was

[Music]

[Music]

secure. The very next day, he set off on

another long journey to search for the

last refuge of the Incoraba.

But first, he had to locate the white

rock at

VidCos. Bingham followed the information

detailed in the Spanish Chronicles he

had read back at Yale. He asked every

local they passed if they knew the

whereabouts of any ruins in the area and

paid local guides to lead him onwards.

He carries on down the valley into even

more uncharted territory. He's put the

whole thing of Machu Picchu to one side.

[Music]

15 days after encountering the ruins of

Machu Picchu, Bingham came across the

sacred white rock mentioned in the

Chronicles as being close to the Inca's

capital city,

[Music]

Vitkos. It was late on the afternoon of

August 9th, 1911, when I first saw this

remarkable shrine.

We could now be fairly sure that we had

located one of Mango's capitals, Vitkas.

[Music]

If Bingham had found the ruins of the

former Inca city

Vitkos, it meant that he had to be on

the right track and close to completing

his

objective, finding their last refuge,

Velabamba. The Chronicle said it was a

long two-day journey from

Vidcos. By now, Bingham's blood is up. I

mean he realized that these ruins are

topping over like nine pins you know

he's found Machu Picchu he's found Vikos

and there's one final place he wants to

find which is a place where the Inca

emperor and the exiles escaped to if the

Spanish ever came looking for

them. Bingham came down from the

mountains into the huge land jungles of

the

Amazon. This was now a very different

world to the ethereal mountaintops of

Machu

Picchu. It was a place that even the

local Peruvians feared, like the Spanish

concistadors before them.

One of our informants said the Inca city

was called Espiritu Pampa or the plane

of the ghosts to be reached only by a

hard trail passable for barefooted

savages, but scarcely available for us

unless we chose to go on our hands and

knees.

[Music]

[Music]

Finally, after several days traveling,

Bingham found beneath the thick twines

of a rainforest jungle evidence of some

ruins. To his excitement, the locals

called it Espiru Pampa. Even better,

they also called it Vila

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Bambber. Surely Bingham had found the

last refuge of the

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Incor. But as he set to work, he came

across something very puzzling.

The few buildings he had found were

clearly Inca, but their stonework was

rough and

inferior. Bingham searched for more

extensive

ruins, but failed to find anything

substantial. Bingham wrote in his diary,

"After several days digging, ruins well

scattered. Long hard job to clear ruins.

Hardly

[Music]

worthwhile. The more Bingham dug, the

more he became convinced that the site

just wasn't special enough to

be. But if this wasn't the place where

the Incor had their last refuge, then

where was it?

[Music]

Slowly Bingham started to reconsider the

evidence. He went back to the Spanish

chronicles. They told him that Vilabamba

was the largest city in the province.

Machu Picchu was clearly much bigger

than anything he had found in the

jungle. Then there was the puzzling

issue of the inferior

architecture. Nothing he saw in the

Amazon matched the finely cut stone at

Machu

Picchu. Bingham also wondered about

something else. Would the Incor, who are

highland people, have really made a home

down in the flatland

jungle? It does not seem reasonable that

such people would have cared to live in

the hot valley of Esperu Pampa. These

Inca ruins are unique in lying so low in

the Amazon jungle. The difference in

climate is as great as that between

Scotland and Egypt.

Furthermore, they could have found the

seclusion and safety which they craved

just as well in several other parts of

the province, particularly at Machu

[Music]

Picchu. Now he began focusing on another

issue.

The chronicle stated that the city of

Vlabamba laid two days march from

Vitkos. So did Machu Picchu, albeit in a

different

direction. Machu Picchu was roughly 2

days from Bitco and he did it. He walked

from Bitkos across back to Machu Picchu

directly.

An idea slowly began to dawn on him.

Could his discovery Machu Picchu be the

real Vil

[Music]

[Music]

Kabamba? Bingham returned to America at

the end of 1911, determined to prove his

case.

After Bingham discovered Machu Picchu in

1911, there was very little publicity.

Tiny mentions in New York Times, in the

geographical magazine in London, but

nothing

[Music]

much. Bingham revisited Machu Picchu in

1912, increasingly convinced it was

Vilabamba, the last refuge of the Incas.

He was now head of a major excavation

and clearing program funded by Yale and

the National Geographic

Society. Looking over the tangled city,

Bingham wrote in his

diary. Matu Pichu ruins as fine as ever.

Very impressive.

The material Bingham produced was so

impressive that the National Geographic

devoted an entire issue of their

magazine to his discovery.

The owner of National Geographic

magazine said, "Uh, we're going to make

Machu Peach a star. And moreover, uh,

Mr. Bingham, we're going to make you a

star as well.

[Music]

In April 1913, with the cover title In

the Wonderland of Peru, National

Geographic published in pictures and

text, Bingham's amazing account of his

finding of Machu

Picchu. The news was a global sensation.

The public needed little convincing.

Finally, it became accepted that Machu

Picchu was Vil Kabamba, the Inca's final

refuge, and Hyram Bingham's name was

made.

[Music]

Haram Bingham would go down in history

as one of the all-time great explorers.

But there is an irony in this tale.

Machu Picchu was an amazing Inca

site. However, modern scholars now

believe that the ruins at a spiritu

which Bingham had dismissed in 1911 are

far grander and larger than he had

realized.

In 1964, some 50 years after Bingham had

been there, an American called Jean

Seavoi, an adventurer and archaeologist,

went down to a spiritu pamper and did a

much more thorough clearing of the site

and established really beyond doubt that

that was indeed the proper last refuge

of the Incas, which I think all

archaeologists would agree today.

[Music]

Bingham's initial detective work that

had led him to Espiritu Pampa had been

on the right trail after

all. He had found the real Vilaba. He

just hadn't realized it.

[Music]

So, if Machu Picchu wasn't the last

refuge of the

Incor, what was it?

[Music]

Today, Machu Picchu is believed to have

been built by the Incor during the

expansion of their empire in the mid

15th century, 75 years before the

Spanish arrived.

It was constructed as a royal estate and

served as a sacred and seasonal retreat

for the Inca rulers whenever the weather

was severe in their capital city

Kusco. Everyone now tends to the view

that it was built as a winter palace for

an Inca emperor, probably the greatest

of them all, Patchakouti. He could come

down with his retinue to Machu Picchu,

which has a much better climate, and

enjoy a fabulous resort type atmosphere.

It was a very exclusive place, which is

perhaps why there was no historical

record of it. It was a place where an

emperor could build his own fantasy

creation in the clouds. A sort of Las

Vegas, if you like, which if it didn't

have neon billboards, did have this

showoff architecture that only an

emperor could afford.

Scholars now believe Machu Picchu was

abandoned by the Incor before the

Spanish arrived in Peru in 1532.

Why they left their great winter

retreat, however, remains a

[Music]

mystery. So, where does that leave Hyram

Bingham today?

Was he just an adventurer who allowed

his prejudice and emotions to get the

better of

him? Most would regard that as too

harsh. To many explorers, he remains a

hero. Harum Bingham was the perfect man

of the moment. Here was a character with

a dream, someone who wished to find

treasure, and that is exactly what he

did.

He made the discovery both of Machu

Picchu and of other very important Inca

sites. I think in many ways he is a bit

of a hero and uh rather more of a hero

perhaps than Indiana Jones because he's

real. He was the first scientific

discoverer, the man who took the time,

brought money to the enterprise, who

exposed Machu Picchu to the world,

literally peeling back that forest and

showing us what an extraordinary place

it was.

I was so happy that he had had the

energy and the curiosity and the drive

to find Machu Picchu, to rediscover it,

to write about it, to make it famous to

the whole world so other people could

come and really enjoy it.

Despite being wrong about Vilabomba and

Machu Picchu, Hyram Bingham is still

regarded as one of the greatest

explorers of his age. After all, perhaps

he found one of the great wonders of the

modern

world. The sanctuary was lost for

centuries because this ridge is in the

most inaccessible corner of the most

inaccessible section of the central

Andes. No part of the highlands of Peru

is better defended by natural bull

works. A stupendous canyon whose rock is

granite and whose precipaces are

frequently 1,000 ft sheer.

Yet here in a remote part of the canyon,

on a narrow ridge flanked by tremendous

precipaces, a highly civilized people,

artistic, inventive, wellorganized, and

capable of sustained endeavor at some

time in the distant past, built

themselves a sanctuary for the worship

of the sun.

[Music]

[Music]

Heat. Heat.

[Music]

Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary	Meanings
heat /hiːt/ A2	noun - the quality of being hot or warm
history /ˈhɪstəri/ A2	noun - the study of past events
century /ˈsentʃəri/ B1	noun - a period of 100 years
great /ɡreɪt/ A1	adjective - of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above the normal or average.
Empire /ˈempaɪər/ B2	noun - an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.
explorer /ɪkˈsplɔːrər/ B1	noun - a person who explores a new territory or area
mission /ˈmɪʃən/ B1	noun - an important assignment carried out for a particular purpose
city /ˈsɪti/ A1	noun - a large town
refuge /ˈrefjuːdʒ/ B2	noun - a place providing shelter or protection from danger
mountain /ˈmaʊntən/ A1	noun - a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level; a large hill.
history /ˈhɪstəri/ A2	noun - the study of past events
valley /ˈvæli/ A2	noun - a low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it.
journey /ˈdʒɜːrni/ A2	noun - an act of travelling from one place to another
amazing /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ B1	adjective - causing great surprise or wonder; astonishing.
jungle /ˈdʒʌŋɡəl/ A2	noun - a dense forest, especially in the tropics.
capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ B1	noun - the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative centre. adjective - denoting or relating to the capital city of a country or region
war /wɔːr/ A2	noun - a state of armed conflict between different countries or different groups within a country.
people /ˈpiːpl/ A1	noun - human beings in general or considered collectively.