– Bilingual Lyrics Chinese/English

Lyrics & Translation

[English]

Hello everyone, I am Guo Zhaofan

I am the co-founder of Plan C

Plan C is an institution that provides critical thinking education

We mainly train children

How to teach children to be more rational

Think more independently

Believe in some more reliable concepts

Then make better choices

Critical thinking sounds relatively abstract

Right

So today I want to show how it can help our lives

Let's talk about evaluation first

Have you ever been evaluated by others

Especially some negative comments

If so, you can applaud

It's very common, right

Then if someone says you are fat

How would you feel when you hear such comments

You may feel sad

Then it is normal for us to have some negative emotions

But what happens afterward

How do we view other people's evaluations of us

The first question we can think about

is whether this sentence is a fact or an opinion

The distinction between facts and opinions is a very basic ability of critical thinking

So what is a fact

For example, let's close this door

We say there are 200 people in this room today

Then this sentence is true

It may be true

It may be false

But we can count

There is a standard answer

But if there are 30 people here who are fat

You may have to think about whether it’s me

Because there is no standard answer to fatness or thinness

Let me do some small exercises first

You can shout out

Van Gogh is a great painter

Is it a fact or an opinion

Some people say it is a fact

Because you may think that Van Gogh's paintings are sold very expensive

And many museums regard them as treasures

But when we say great

it is still an opinion

Because people may have different ideas

Research finds that cats are smarter than dogs

Fact or opinion

Fact

Well, it’s a bit

Research finding

Although it is a research finding

But it is still an opinion

If you want to say it is a fact

What you may want to say is

Recently a specific study was done by the so-and-so team

What is the result of this study

Then this may be a fact

Now this statement is still an opinion

The invention of iPhone changed the whole world

This is also an opinion

Because what is called change

What is the whole world?

Even if you really feel that things are very different now

This is still an opinion

The Forbidden City is the most beautiful building in Beijing

Well, this seems not very controversial

So when faced with the comment that you are fat

You should first think about whether this is a fact or an opinion

As an opinion, you have to think further

Is the opinion credible?

What kind of opinion is more credible?

The key is what kind of factual evidence is behind it to support this opinion

For example, about the issue of fatness and thinness

I don’t know if you know the body mass index (BMI)

It is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height

For example

An 11-year-old girl

If she is 45kg

and 150cm

her BMI is 20

But for minors under 18 years old

it makes more sense to see how your BMI compares with others of the same age

For an 11-year-old

If we check the data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States

we will find that out of 100 people

she has a higher BMI than 79 people

Can this be said to be fat?

There is no standard answer, right

Some people may feel fat

Some people feel not fat

And what if

If you live in a country like the Tang Dynasty in ancient China

You will find that

you may have less pressure on your body

So in different societies and different cultures

and in the hearts of different people

In fact, people have no standard answer to the standards of fatness and thinness

If you treat that you are fat as a fact

you may have a very low self-esteem about yourself

You may think I'm really bad

We even see that many students have anxiety about appearance

Let's look at another point of view

Fat people are lazy and stupid

Gluttonous and unhealthy

Poor athletic ability

Then this is a point of view, right

So how do we view this point of view

People who may support this point of view think that

if you look at people who don’t exercise or are gluttonous

they may be more likely to gain weight

and fat people look clumsy.

Being fat seems to be more likely to cause health problems

Doctors also say so, right

But at this time

we actually ignored some facts

We showed a video to the students in class

Interviewed some people who looked fatter

Then these people will talk about their own situations

For example, someone said

I do 40 minutes of exercise every day

Then my favorite thing to eat is vegetable salad, etc.

When we ignore some of these facts

it is easy to ignore that there are many people who are born with a body prone to obesity

And some people who look fatter are actually very flexible

He may be a good dancer or athlete

And then there is

In fact, in 2013

There is a very influential research finding

It counts less than 100 various academic studies

The research subjects involved are nearly 3 million people

Then it was found that the BMI index is between 25-35

The so-called overweight and slightly obese people

His risk of death is actually lower than that of people like me with a BMI index below 25

...

So there will be many such studies

In fact, some of our imaginations have been subverted

We think that fat people must be more unhealthy

Then there are some second and third grade students in our class

In fact, they will also be inspired by this critical thinking tool

In fact, there will be many simple views like this

...

For example, some people are born fat due to the influence of genes

Being fat does not necessarily mean being lazy

The college bully in the class is also fat

This means that people's imagination of laziness may not necessarily be about sports

Maybe study or other efforts can also be a criterion for judgment

Or it can be judged based on life habits

This is the first way I want to share about thinking methods

About distinguishing between facts and opinions

When others evaluate you

Don't believe it easily

You can first ask whether it is a fact or an opinion

If it is an opinion

Is it credible

The key is what kind of factual evidence is behind it

To prove this opinion

What other facts have been ignored

Then next time you meet your parents or a teacher evaluating you

You can help them see these things

The second thing I want to talk about is about choices

Each of us will actually face many choices

And many conflicts between people are actually related to choices

For example, you may want to do this

But your parents want you to do other things

You want to go out and play

Your parents say you should do your homework first

You want to play video games for a while

Your parents say you should go outdoors

When people face these choices

Have you ever thought about how you make a choice

How often may your parents help you make the choice?

When you make your own choice

How many times do you actually make the same choice as others?

Have you carefully thought about your choice

When many people make a choice, the first thing they think of is

If there is a big benefit, I will do it

For example, this dog is really cute

So I want to raise a dog

Or there is a big disadvantage

So I won’t do it

For example, I don’t like this Chinese teacher

so I don’t want to learn Chinese

This is very common, right?

Do you have this situation where you don’t like the teacher

and don’t like learning this subject?

You can applaud

It’s very common, right

Then I think you have also read the book "Journey to the West"

Let me give an example from this book

Have you ever thought about such a question

If you were Sun Wukong

You were driven away by Tang Monk three times

The most famous one was after beating the White Bone Demon three times

Then will you give up the Buddhist scriptures and return to Huaguo Mountain

Can those who give up applaud

It takes courage to give up

It is not easy

So how do we think about such a choice

In fact, the first thing you can think about is

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this choice

The difficulty lies in whether you can think more comprehensively

For example, imagine that you are Sun Wukong

What you are thinking now

I am going back to Tang Monk

What are the disadvantages of this approach

What are its benefits

Let’s think about the benefits first

For example, you can protect Tang Monk

You can live up to the kindness of the master

You can also earn fame and future

He finally became the Fighting Victory Buddha

Can you think of any disadvantages?

Are there any disadvantages?

You may have to let go of some of your dignity.

A bit humble.

You also have to lose some of your personality.

Especially when you have to bear the pain of a tight curse

It is not only the pain caused to the body

In fact, it also causes the pain to people mentally

Then the second and more difficult one comes

There are good and bad

We may have reached a consensus just now to a certain extent

How would you choose among the three advantages and three disadvantages

The reason behind this is actually

There are differences in values between people.

For example, when you want to choose between love and future

you have to continue to learn from the experience

In fact, a question you need to continue to think about is

What is this future

Is this future what you really want

or is it something others tell you or are forced on you

We have students who will raise some questions.

For example, if you completely live in the discipline of others,

it is actually very unworthy.

Then when you want to go back to Huaguo Mountain,

you may want to choose personal dignity and freedom.

This seems to be very, very precious.

Then you also need to think about whether you will lose something.

For example, Maslow's needs theory may provide us with a framework.

It is said that human needs can be divided into five levels

The highest level among them

He thinks it is self-realization

When we give up something

Will we also lose some opportunities for self-realization

So we also have students

He will say this Sun Wukong

He used to have a very impatient and direct personality

which was actually difficult to get along with

So he became more approachable

He may have become better

But this is also a point of view

You can have different opinions

So we have to realize this

Any choice actually has trade-offs

You gain something

At the same time, you lose something

What we can further think about is

Is there a better choice between doing and not doing

For example, is it possible to pursue a future

but retain part of the personality

What personality is particularly worth retaining

How do we retain it

For example, if you are Sun Wukong

Do you want to have any kind of communication with Tang Seng

I don’t know if Tang Seng can communicate

What I just mentioned is the process of Sun Wukong’s selection

In fact, if we think about it carefully

it is actually a process of socialization of a person

So you may think Sun Wukong is very good

But think about it again today

If a person has experienced such a socialization

It’s like you are in school

Then you have to slowly abide by more and more rules

Some of your personality may have been slowly smoothed out

What can you retain during this process

What is the core

What do you particularly want to retain

This is something everyone can think about

Then what I just shared is the second thinking method

called weighing the pros and cons

When we face a choice

the most basic way of expressing it is

Should we do a certain thing

At this time you can think about it

The first step is to think about the advantages and disadvantages of this thing

The difficulty here is whether you can think about it comprehensively

The second step is more difficult

It’s about whether you understand

Whether you understand your own values

In other words, what are you willing to give up

What do you want more

Especially whether your values are what you really want

or are they shaped by the society

Or what your parents told you

The third step

is to think of some alternatives

Some better choices

Let me give you another example from life

How many cram schools do you attend a week

You can call a number

There are different numbers

Some people may not have it

Some people have more

Then who decides your cram schools

Is it completely decided by your parents

Or you also have your own opinion

which will be considered and adopted

How do you decide what kind of cram school you will attend

Many times it may be common that

your parents see a child of a top student attending a cram school

and think that cram school is good

I signed it up for you

Or maybe I heard a well-known blogger

recommend a cram school

so I signed it up for you

Is this a good choice?

When we face such a choice,

the first question we can think about

is what is my goal in doing this

Many times we tend to think of a short-term goal

For example, we may want to quickly improve our academic performance

But at this time we should also think about it

What is the long-term goal?

And besides grades,

are there any other very important goals?

For example, physical and mental health may be a very important goal.

That can lead to more comprehensive development over a longer period of time. What's more important is that we think

...

...

...

...

...

whether this cram school is a good means

We can think about it from several aspects

The first one is effectiveness

Can you really achieve your goal by attending a cram school

Many times you will find that

a top student gets good grades after attending a cram school

But he may get better grades if he doesn't attend a cram school

Because academic masters often do not rely entirely on cram schools to learn

He may have very strong learning ability

So cram schools that are suitable for others may not be suitable for you

The second thing we have to consider is the negative side

Is whether attending cram schools will cause any new problems

For example, will it make you more stressed

You will have less time to sleep

Will it make you more tired of this subject

or damage your self-confidence

and make you learn worse

The third thing to consider is feasibility

Do you have time

Do you have money

The last one is necessity

Is there a better way

Is it really necessary to study?

After you ask these four questions

you may have a more complex

clearer thinking about this method

But you also need to think about whether there are other better ways

For example, self-study

Study with peers

This is the third thinking method I want to share

It's called goals and means

When faced with a choice

You can think about what my goal is

Is this goal reasonable

Is there any more important goal that I have forgotten

Is the means effective

Is there anything negative that creates new problems

Is it feasible

Is it necessary

And what are better means

What I want to talk about next is facing problems

Because each of us will definitely have various problems in our lives

For example, will your parents restrict you from eating sugar

Yes

You always want to eat more sugar but you will be restricted

You can applaud

Adults will also encounter this problem, right

My biggest crisis in middle age is sugar control

Then will you hear your parents telling you

You have poor self-control

Always thinking about eating sweets

Roald Dahl has a very famous book

called "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory"

It is about five children participating in a competition

The child who wins in the end

You can inherit a chocolate factory

As a result, two children were eliminated from the beginning

Why were they eliminated

Because they saw the candy

They couldn't walk when they saw the chocolate

Then they ate it up

They were very embarrassed

and were eliminated

I have loved eating candy since I was a child

And I always thought that I was not very fat

Then my teeth seemed to be fine

So it was okay to eat some sugar

Later I understood the harm of sugar better

For example, after sugar enters your body

it will actually go to your liver

It will stay in the liver and be converted into fat

These fats will enter your blood vessels

Then you will find

People who eat more sugar are more likely to get heart disease

Then they are more likely to get diabetes

Emotions are also prone to ups and downs like a roller coaster

And eating too much sugar can damage the brain

Why are people easily addicted to sweets

Here I will share with you an analysis method

You can look at internal factors and external factors

Analyze these two aspects

The self-control you mentioned earlier

is actually an internal factor of the person

Low self-control is indeed a common cause

Because children's brain development

especially the prefrontal lobe

is an area that controls people's impulses and is still very imperfect

Therefore, children's self-control is indeed lower

What's more, eating sugar is actually human's evolutionary instinct

Because in the long history, people

have discovered that they will be more excited after eating sugar

and happier

There are also children who need to develop quickly

and need a lot of energy

Eating sugar is the most direct way to replenish energy

Are there any external reasons?

See if these reasons are familiar to you

The first and most important thing is family education

How many families put sugar

For example, ice cream, candies, and chocolate are used as rewards

Can you applaud

For example, if you do well in the exam, I will take you to eat ice cream

If you finish your homework, I will give you a candy

Such a reward

actually associates candy with a happy experience

So many times you may want to eat candy more

There are also many families who reserve a lot of snacks

or do not restrict their children from eating sweets at all

Some parents go to the other extreme

and have very strict control

Do you really want to eat

The second one is about commercial companies

Have you had this experience

You go to the supermarket

You may not know what is inside a thing

But after looking at the package

you feel particularly attractive

You want to eat it

So the packaging is already attracting us

In addition, every food has a bliss point

which means that you will reach a peak of happiness after eating it

Then you will have the experience of wanting to eat more

So these commercial companies often invite a lot of scientists

Study what the peak value of a food is

So you will find that the peak value of children is higher than that of adults

So you will find

They will add a lot of sugar to the food that children like

Then we need to understand some businesses like this

Then there is social culture

For example, birthday parties are very common now

Sweets are very common during holidays

Then these will encourage everyone to love eating sweets

So why do we need to see these external reasons

It is very important to avoid making you blame yourself too much

If you always think that I have such poor self-control

You may feel very guilty

When you are in a lower mood

Instead, you want to eat sweets more

and then you enter a vicious cycle

Then if you better understand the traps of these products

These external reasons

you will be more vigilant

Furthermore, it can help you see some of your own needs

You will find that many times you may need some help

You need more communication with parents and teachers

This is the fourth thinking method I shared

We divide the causes into internal causes and external causes

Then you will look at the causes of the problem

Sometimes you use it to analyze some learning problems

When your parents always say that you have a bad attitude towards learning

You can realize

At this time, he is staring at your internal causes

But you may have overlooked some very important external factors

See external reasons

Don't blame individuals

Start with the reasons to find our true inner needs to help us

This method may be more useful to you

Our students have also used it to analyze our

Today's particularly popular problem of playing games

For example, his mother hopes that he will change his habit of being addicted to games.

The internal reason is that he really thinks video games are very interesting

It brings him a very happy experience

The external reason is that video games have a reward mechanism

so it will give him a sense of accomplishment

He thought that he could try to find a sense of accomplishment in learning

and other hobbies in the future

As for how to find a sense of accomplishment

This often requires parents and children

Let's work hard together

But if you simply ban games

it may not be as good as if we really cultivate more rich

and other hobbies that give you a better experience

The last topic I want to talk about is about watching short videos

Have you ever had such an experience

I can’t stop watching short videos

Those who have such an experience can applaud

Many times you really see a person lying on the sofa

After watching short videos for several hours

I just want to say one thing in particular

You are not allowed to watch anymore

Everyone is useless

Why do people become addicted to short videos

In fact, we can also use this question

Analyze internal factors and external factors using this method

But I still want to share another analysis method

which may also inspire you

It is called knowledge, ability, and wish

That is, we divide things into three levels

One is cognition

One is ability

The other is desire

For example, from a cognitive level

What we generally need to think about is

What kind of impact does watching short videos have on me

What is easy to think of is that watching short videos wastes time

and affects learning

There is also the possibility of hurting your eyes

This is easy to think of

Maybe you are not very clear about what it is

For example, watching short videos will actually change people’s brain

because in the process of watching short videos

It has a strong stimulation to your brain

It will make you secrete a lot of dopamine in a short period of time

This dopamine will make you feel very happy

But secreting a large amount of dopamine in a short period of time

will increase the threshold of happiness

So you will find that

In the past, you may be quite happy after watching one short video

Now you may have to watch 10 short videos to get similar happiness

And this process will also make you discover

when you want to read and learn

Because this activity is a process of slowly secreting dopamine

But the experience that reading it will bring to you

may be that you will get a higher sense of accomplishment in a longer period of time

So if you watch a lot of short videos

You may find that you have no patience to read

and reading seems to become very boring

Moreover, watching short videos will destroy your concentration

Because what you see is very fast information

Constant switching

It is very fragmented information

And it is difficult to form long-term memory

Because the mechanism of long-term memory is different from short-term memory

So you will find that you have been browsing for 3 hours

Can you still remember what you have viewed

It’s difficult, right

This is at the cognitive level

Then imagine that you may know it at the cognitive level

There are indeed many, many dangers of watching short videos

I really want to stop

But I can’t

This is a question of ability

For children

What I listed above may be that children have relatively weak self-control

We have mentioned before

Children's ability to perceive time is relatively weak

So you will find that adults may set an alarm clock

Or I realize it after a while

But the child may have been reading for several hours

without realizing that time has passed quickly.

Furthermore,

children's ability to regulate emotions may also be relatively weak

In addition to these own reasons

we have to see the problem of short video design

The characteristic of short video is

it will automatically play with infinite scrolling

and it is recommended by an algorithm

So it keeps pushing content that you are interested in

What's more, it will surprise you

Because you don't know what you will see next

This is a bit like opening a blind box

When you open the blind box

That moment of surprise

may be your greatest happiness that day

Then imagine that you can really control yourself

There is still a problem

It’s just that you may not want to stop

You just want to watch short videos

Why do people want to watch

There are some possibilities

Maybe your family is too strict

You especially want to confront your parents

Or maybe you are under great pressure

You need to release your stress through short videos

It is also possible that short videos are a kind of social currency

When your classmates are chatting about some topics

If you find me talking about a book with you

Others may roll their eyes

Feeling a bit unable to talk together

So there are some possible reasons

If you can think more comprehensively

Many times it can help us think of solutions better

Because many times when we face problems

we just think of banning

But if you can analyze the problem from the cause

you will find that

other methods may be more useful than banning

For example, if we don’t know the harm of short videos

then we may need to understand it

At this time, from the perspective of parents

It is not a reprimanding tone

It is not a preaching way to ask the children to understand

But we really care

and want to understand the world's technology

What kind of impact does it have on my own life

To understand it

In terms of ability

We can improve the ability to regulate emotions

There are some methods such as setting alarm clocks

There are also some design traps of short videos

Regarding the question of whether you are willing or not

Maybe instead of strict control

we can discuss some agreements with parents

Both parties have reached some consensus

The other is to reduce the pressure of learning

Cultivate deep hobbies

What about the end

For example, you can find more companions

Improve some social skills

You can try some of these solutions

This is the fifth thinking method I want to share

Called Zhi Neng Wish

Use this method to analyze the reasons

Start solving the problem from the cause

Our C plan course

Many children's courses are broadcast live online.

There are critical reading classes for children

There are writing and expression classes

There are also journalism classes for teenagers

On the right are our three main creators

It is a book written by me and the other two main creators

called "Learning to Think"

This is mainly for adults

It will talk more about the core methods of critical thinking

I don't have time to talk about the most core methods today

Today I just talked about a few of the methods in the book

Those are the 17-22 books we take our children to read every year

These books

We have discovered a phenomenon in the past two years

That is, there were many books and topics four years ago

Generally, children will be very interested

But today, four years later

For many children

Maybe their interest has really dropped a lot

This is also very, very helpless

These are some books from third to ninth grade to junior high school graduation

Finally, I want to talk about what critical thinking is

Critical thinking is actually a process that allows us to reflect and think

Then decide what I should believe

What should I do

Many times what we believe

is not actually our own careful thinking

independent thinking

but what our parents tell us

What society tells us

What the media tells us

We have become completely accustomed to it

That critical thinking requires us to be cautious and fair

Know how to question

Also know how to reflect

Pay attention to evidence

Especially the evidence of facts

Many times people have many doubts about critical thinking

For example, will it cultivate gangsters

Will it appear cold

Will it be unsociable

Will it make people become too serious

I will hear a lot of such doubts

But what I want to say is

Questioning is probably the most important characteristic of critical thinking

We call it reasonable questioning

But questioning is the starting point of thinking

not the end of thinking

Questioning is for better belief

So when you stop questioning

We are going to reflect on our way of thinking

We hope that all doubts will actually lead to

You are more interested in critical thinking

You want to know more

Think more

Finally, I would like to end today's speech with one sentence

Careful thinking and breaking of obstacles

Dialogue to build consensus

Thank you everyone

[Chinese]

大家好我是郭兆凡

我是C计划的联合创始人

c计划是一个做批判性思维教育的机构

我们主要培训的是儿童

怎么教孩子更理性的

更独立的思考

相信一些更靠谱的观念

然后做出更好的选择

批判性思维听起来是比较抽象的

对吧

那我今天想展示它怎么样可以帮到我们的生活

我们先来聊一聊评价

你有没有受到过别人的评价

尤其是一些负面的评价

有的话可以鼓鼓掌

非常的常见对吧

那如果有人说你很胖

那听到这样的评价你会是什么感受呢

你可能觉得挺伤心的

那我们会有一些负面的情绪很正常

但是之后呢

我们怎么去看待别人对我们的评价呢

我们可以首先思考的一个问题

就是这句话是事实还是观点

事实和观点的区分是批判性思维一个非常基础的能力

那什么是事实

比如说我们把这个门关上

这个屋子里我们说今天有200个人

那这句话是事实

它可能是真的

可能是假的

但是我们可以去数

有标准答案

但是如果说这里有30个人很胖

你可能就要想一想算不算我自己呢

因为胖瘦是没有标准答案的

那我先来做一些小的练习

你们可以喊出来

梵高是一个伟大的画家

是事实还是观点

有人说事实

因为你可能觉得梵高的画卖的非常的贵

而且有很多的博物馆都把它当成镇馆之宝

但是当我们说伟大的

它依然是一个观点

因为人跟人之间的想法可能会不一样

研究发现猫比狗更聪明

事实还是观点

事实

嗯又有点

研究发现

虽然是研究发现

但是它依然是一个观点

如果要说是事实

你可能要说的是

最近在谁谁谁团队做了一个具体的研究

这个研究的结果是什么什么

那这个可能就是事实了

现在这个表述还是一个观点

iPhone的发明改变了整个世界

这个也是观点

因为什么叫做改变

什么叫做整个世界

即使你真的觉得现在跟以前很不一样了

这个依然是观点

故宫是北京最美丽的建筑

嗯这个好像争议不是很大

所以面临你很胖这样的评价的时候

你就先想这是事实还是观点

那作为观点你就要进一步的思考了

观点可信吗

那什么样的观点更加可信呢

关键就是它背后有什么样的事实证据来支撑这个观点

比如说关于胖瘦的问题

我不知道你们知不知道体重指数BMI

它是用体重的公斤数除以身高的平方

举个例子

一个11岁的女孩

如果她45公斤

然后150厘米

算下来她的BMI就是20

但是对于18岁以下的未成年人来说

比较有意义的会去看你的BMI指数跟同龄人比怎么样

11岁来说

如果我们查美国的这个疾控中心的数据

就会发现100个人里面

她比79个人的BMI要更高

那这个可以说是胖吗

就没有标准答案了对吧

有的人可能觉得胖

有的人觉得不胖

而且呢

如果你要是生活在像中国古代的唐朝

你就会发现

你可能对于身材的压力就会更小了

所以说在不同的社会和不同的文化之下

以及在不同的人的心中

其实人们对于胖瘦的标准是没有标准答案的

如果你要是把你很胖当成一个事实来对待

你可能就会对自己非常的自卑

你可能觉得我真的很糟糕

甚至我们看到很多的学生会有对容貌的焦虑

那么进一步再看一个观点

胖的人更懒更笨

贪吃不健康

运动能力差

那这个是观点对吧

那我们怎么看待这个观点呢

可能支持这个观点的人会觉得说

你看那些不运动或者贪吃的人

他就会相对的可能更容易长胖

而且胖看起来是比较笨拙的

胖看起来也是更容易出健康的问题

医生也都是这么说的对吧

但是这个时候

我们其实忽视了一些事实

我们在课堂上给学生放过一个视频

采访了一些看起来比较胖的人

那这些人就会说一些他们自己的情况

比如有人说

我每一天都做40分钟的运动

然后我最喜欢吃的就是蔬菜沙拉等等

当我们忽视了这样的一些事实的时候

就容易忽视有很多人他天生就是易胖体质

而有一些看起来比较胖的人其实是很灵活的

他可能是很好的舞者或者是运动员

再有就是

其实2013年的时候

有一个影响力挺大的研究发现

它统计了大概不到100个各种各样的学术研究

涉及到的这个研究对象将近300万人

然后就发现BMI指数在25-35之间

所谓的超重和轻微肥胖的人

他的死亡风险比可能像我这样BMI指数在25以下的人

其实是更低一点的

所以会有很多这样的研究

其实颠覆了我们的一些想象

觉得胖的人就一定更不健康

那我们课上有一些二三年级的学生

其实他们也会在这种批判性思维工具的

这样的一种启发之下

其实会有很多朴素的这种观点

比如说有的人天生就胖是基因的影响

胖不一定懒

班里的大学霸也胖胖的

这个就说明可能人们对懒的想象不一定是关于运动

可能学习或者是其他方面的努力也可以是一个评判的标准

或者说要根据生活的习惯才可以判断

这就是我想分享的关于思考方法的第一个

关于区分事实和观点

当别人评价你的时候

不要轻易的就相信

你可以先问这是事实还是观点

如果是观点的话

它可信吗

关键的就是背后有什么样的事实证据

去证明这个观点

还有什么事实是被忽视了的

那下一次你再遇到爸爸妈妈或者是老师评价你的时候

你可以帮助他们去看到这些东西

第二个我想聊的是关于选择

我们每一个人其实都会面临很多的选择

然后人跟人之间的很多冲突其实是跟选择有关的

比如说你可能想做这个事

但是你的爸爸妈妈想让你做其他的事情

你想要出去玩

爸妈说你应该先写作业

你想要比如说打一会电子游戏

爸妈说你应该去户外活动

人们面临这些选择的时候

你有没有想过你是怎么做出选择的

有多少时候可能是爸妈帮你做了选择

当你自己做选择的时候

又有多少时候你其实是跟别人做的选择差不多

你有仔细地思考过自己的选择吗

很多人做选择的时候首先想到的是

有一个很大的好处我就去做

比如说这只狗真可爱

所以我想养狗

或者是有一个很大的坏处

所以就不做

比如说我不喜欢这个语文老师

所以我不想学语文

这个很常见对不对

你们会有这种不喜欢老师

就不喜欢学这个学科的情况吗

可以鼓鼓掌哈

很常见对吧

那我想大家也读过《西游记》这本书

我用这本书举一个例子

你们有没有想过这样的一个问题

如果你是孙悟空

你三次被唐僧给赶走了

其中最著名的一次是三打白骨精之后

那么你会放弃取经回花果山吗

会放弃的人可以鼓鼓掌吗

会放弃是需要勇气的

很不容易

那这样的一个选择我们怎么思考呢

其实你第一个可以思考的就是

这个选择它到底有什么好处跟坏处

难点就在于你能不能想的更全面

比如说你设想一下你是孙悟空

你现在在想

我要回到唐僧身边了

那这个做法它的坏处是什么

它的好处是什么

我们先想好处

比如说你可以保护唐僧

可以不辜负师傅的恩情

也可以去赚得功名和前程

他最后成了斗战胜佛

那你能想到什么样的坏处吗

有坏处吗

你可能是要放下一些尊严的

有点低声下气

你也要失去一些个性

尤其是你要承受紧箍咒的这种痛苦

它不光是对身体造成的痛苦

其实也有对人精神上的这种痛苦

那第二个更难的就来了

有好有坏

我们刚才可能大家都一定程度上能达成共识

那三个好处三个坏处你会怎么选呢

这个其实背后就是

人跟人之间的价值观是会有差别的

比如说当你想要选择恩情跟前程的时候

你要继续去取经

其实你需要继续思考的一个问题就是

这个前程到底是什么

这个前程是你自己真的想要的

还是别人告诉你或者是强加给你的

像我们有学员就会提出一些质疑

比如说如果完全变成了活在别人的规训里面

其实是非常不值得的

那当你想要去回到花果山

你可能想选择的是个性尊严和自由

这个看起来也是非常非常宝贵的

那么你也需要去思考你会不会失去了一些什么

比如说马斯洛需求理论可能给我们提供了一个框架

说人的需求可以分成五个层次

那其中最高的一个层次

他认为就是自我实现

当我们放弃了一些东西的时候

会不会也失去了自我实现的一些机会呢

所以我们也有学员

他就会说这个孙悟空啊

他原来是非常急躁和直接的性格

其实是很难相处的

所以他后来变得更平易近人了

他可能是变得更好了

但是这也是一个观点

你可以有不同的观点

所以这个我们就要意识到

任何的选择其实都是有取有舍的

你获得了一些东西

同时就失去了一些东西

我们可以进一步思考的就是

在做和不做之间有没有更好的选择

比如说有没有可能既追求了前程

但是又保留了一部分的个性

什么个性是特别值得被保留的

我们要怎么去保留它

比如如果你是孙悟空

你要不要跟唐僧有什么样的沟通

我不知道唐僧能不能沟通

我刚才说的这个孙悟空的选择的过程

其实我们仔细想一想

其实就是一个人社会化的过程

所以原来你可能觉得孙悟空很不错

但是你今天再想一想

如果一个人他经历了这样的一个社会化

就好像你们在学校里面

然后要慢慢的去遵守更多更多的规矩

你身上的某一些个性可能也慢慢的被磨平了

这个过程中你能够保留一些什么

什么是最核心的

你特别希望保留的

这个也是可能每个人可以想一想的

那我刚才分享的就是第二个思考的方法

叫做权衡利弊

当我们去面对一个选择的时候

最基本的一个表述方式就是

我们该不该做某一件事

这个时候你就可以去想

第一步是要想做这件事情的好处跟坏处

这里的难点是能不能全面思考

第二步是更难的

就是你懂不懂得

理不理解自己的价值观

也就是说你愿意舍弃什么

你更想得到什么

尤其是你的价值观到底是你真的想要的

还是被这个社会塑造的

或者是爸爸妈妈告诉你的

那第三步

就是能不能想到一些替代的方案

一些更好的选择

我再来举一个生活中的例子

你一个星期上几个补习班

大家可以喊一个数字

有不同的这个数字

有的人可能没有

有的人更多

那你的补习班是谁来定的

是完全由爸爸妈妈来定的

还是你也有自己的意见

会被考虑和采纳

你会上什么样的补习班是怎么决定的呢

很多时候可能常见的是

你的爸爸妈妈看到某一个学霸的孩子上了一个补习班

就觉得那个补习班不错

给你报了

或者是可能听某一个知名的博主

推荐了一个补习班

就给你报了

那这是不是一个好的选择呢

我们面临这样的一个选择的时候

可以首先思考的一个问题

就是我做这件事的目标是什么

很多时候我们容易想到一个短期的目标

比如可能是想要快速的提高学习的成绩

但这个时候我们也应该想一想

长期的目标是什么

以及除了成绩之外

还有没有别的很重要的目标

比如说身心健康可能是一个很重要的目标

那放到一个更长的时间之内能够更全面的发展

能让你应对社会的挑战

可能也是一个很重要的目标

补习班其实只是实现目标的一个手段

而不是目的

更重要的是我们去想

这个补习班是不是一个好的手段

我们可以从这样几个方面来想

第一个就是有效性

你上了补习班真的能实现目标吗

很多时候你会发现

学霸上了补习班成绩很好

但是他不上补习班可能成绩更好

因为学霸很多时候他不是完全靠补习班来学习的

他有可能自己的学习能力也很强

所以适合别人的补习班不一定适合你

第二个我们要考虑的是负面性

就是上了补习班这件事会不会产生什么新的问题

比如说它会不会让你的压力变得很大

睡眠的时间变得很少

会不会让你更厌倦这个学科

或者打击你的自信心

反而学得更不好了

第三可以考虑的是可行性

有没有时间

有没有钱

最后就是必要性

有没有更好的手段

真的有必要上吗

当你问了这四个问题之后

你可能对这个手段有一个更复杂一点的

更清晰一点的思考

但是你还要想一想有没有其他更好的做法

比如说自学

跟同伴一起学习

这是我想分享的第三个思考的方法

叫做目标和手段

面对一个选择的时候

你可以去想我的目标是什么

这个目标合理吗

有没有什么更重要的目标被我忘掉了

手段它有效吗

有没有什么负面的产生新的问题

可行吗

必要吗

以及更好的手段是什么

下面我想聊聊的就是面对问题

因为我们每个人生活中肯定是会有各种各样的问题的

比如说你的爸妈会限制你吃糖吗

会

你老想吃更多的糖但是会被限制的

可以鼓鼓掌

成年人也会遇到这个问题对不对

我中年的最大的危机就在于控糖

那你会不会听到爸妈跟你说

你这个人自制力太差了

老是想着吃糖

罗尔德·达尔有一本很著名的书

叫做《查理和巧克力工厂》

它讲的就是五个小孩参加一个比赛

到最后赢的那个小孩

就可以继承一个巧克力工厂

结果有两个小孩一开始就被淘汰了

为什么会被淘汰呢

因为他们看到了糖

看到了巧克力就走不动路

然后大吃特吃

非常的狼狈

就被淘汰了

我从小就特别喜欢吃糖

然后我一直觉得我也不是很胖

然后我牙齿好像也还行

所以吃点糖也没有什么

后来我才更理解糖的危害

比如说糖它在进入你的身体以后

其实会到你的肝脏的

它会留在肝脏里转化成脂肪

这些脂肪又会进到你的血管里

然后你就会发现

吃糖多的人他更容易得心脏病

然后更容易得比如说糖尿病

情绪也容易像过山车一样高低地起伏

而且吃糖过多是会损伤大脑的

为什么人容易沉迷于甜食呢

我这里给大家分享一个分析的方法

你可以从内部的因素和外在的因素

这两个方面来分析

前面你说的自控力

其实是人内在的因素

自制力低确实是一个常见的原因

因为儿童的大脑发育

尤其是前额叶

是控制人的冲动的这个区域还很不完善

所以儿童的自制力确实是更低的

再有就是吃糖其实是人的进化本能

因为人在漫长的这个历史里面

发现吃了糖了以后就会更加的兴奋

更加的高兴

还有儿童是需要快速发育的

需要很多的能量

吃糖是一个最直接给你补充能量的方式

有没有什么外部的原因呢

看一看这些原因是不是你熟悉的

第一个很重要的就是家庭教育

有多少家庭会把糖

比如说冰淇淋 糖果 巧克力作为奖励的一种方式

可以鼓鼓掌吗

比如说如果你考试考得好我就带你去吃一个冰激凌

如果你作业完成了我就给你吃一个糖

这样的奖励

其实是把糖跟一种快乐的体验联系在一起

所以很多时候你可能就变得更想吃糖了

再有很多家庭里是储备了很多零食的

或者根本就不限制孩子吃糖

也有的家长走到另外一个极端

控制得特别严

你是不是就特别想吃

第二个我们来说说商业公司

大家有没有这种经历

你去到超市里

可能还不知道一个东西里面是什么

但是看了包装了以后

就觉得特别有吸引力

很想吃

所以包装已经在吸引我们了

另外其实每一个食物它都会有一个极乐点

意思就是说你吃了它以后会达到一个快乐的巅峰

那就会有那种吃了还想吃的体验

所以这些商业公司很多时候就请了很多的科学家

去研究一个食物的峰值是什么

所以会发现儿童的这种巅峰会比成年人要更高

所以你就会发现

他们会在儿童喜欢的食品里加非常多的糖

那这样的一些商业也是我们需要了解的

再有就是社会文化

比如说现在生日派对很常见

节日的时候甜食很常见

那这些都会促进大家爱吃糖

那为什么我们要看到这些外在的原因呢

很重要的就是避免让你过度的自责

如果你老是觉得我这个人怎么自制力这么差

你可能就会很内疚

当你情绪更低落的时候

你反而更想吃糖

然后就进入了一个恶性循环

那如果你更理解了这些产品的陷阱

这些外部的原因

你也会更加的警惕

再有就是它可以帮助你看见自身的一些需求

你会发现很多时候你可能需要的是一些帮助

需要更多的跟家长老师有一些沟通

这是我分享的第四个思考方法

我们把原因分成内因和外因

然后你会去看造成问题的原因是什么

你有的时候用来分析一些学习的问题

当你的爸妈老是说你就是学习态度不好的时候

你就可以意识到

这个时候他盯着的就是你的内因

但是可能忽略了一些很重要的外因

看到外部的原因

不苛责个人

从原因入手去寻找我们内心真正的需求来帮助我们

这种方法可能会对你更加的有用

我们的学生也用来分析过我们今天特别流行的

今天特别受欢迎的打游戏的问题

比如说妈妈希望他改变沉迷游戏的毛病

内部的原因就是他真的觉得电子游戏是非常有趣的

给他带来了很快乐的体验

外部的原因就是电子游戏是有奖励机制的

所以会让他获得成就感

他就想到以后可以尝试着在学习

和其他的爱好之中去寻找成就感

至于怎么寻找成就感

这个很多时候是需要家长跟孩子

我们一起去努力的

但是如果你简单地去禁止游戏

可能不如我们真的去培养更多丰富的

和让你有更好的体验的这样的其他的爱好

最后我想聊的一个话题是关于刷短视频

你有没有过这样的体验

刷短视频刷的停不下来

有这样体验的可以鼓鼓掌

很多时候真的是你看到一个人躺在沙发上

几个小时刷短视频

就特别想说一句

不许再刷了

人都刷废了

为什么人会沉迷于短视频呢

其实这个问题我们也可以用

内因和外因的这个方法来分析

但是我还是想分享另外的一个分析方法

可能也会对你有启发

它叫做知 能 愿

就是我们把事情分成三个层面

一个是认知

一个是能力

一个是愿望

比如说从认知的层面

我们总体要思考的是

刷短视频这件事到底对我产生了什么样的影响

容易想到的是刷短视频浪费了时间

影响了学习

还有就是可能会伤害你的眼睛

这个是容易想到的

可能你不是很清楚的是什么呢

比如说刷短视频其实是会改变人的大脑的

因为在刷短视频的过程中

它对你的大脑有很强烈的刺激

会让你在短时间之内分泌很多的多巴胺

这个多巴胺就会让你觉得很快乐

但是短时间之内分泌大量的多巴胺

是会提高快乐的阈值的

所以你会发现

以前你刷一个短视频可能就挺快乐

现在你可能要刷10个短视频才能获得相似的快乐

而这样的过程也会让你发现

当你想要去阅读想要去学习的时候

因为这种活动是一个慢慢分泌多巴胺的过程

但是阅读它会给你带来的体验

可能是你在更长的时间之内会获得更高的成就感

所以如果你刷了很多的短视频

可能就会发现你没有耐心阅读了

以及阅读这件事情好像变得非常的无聊

再有就是刷短视频是会破坏注意力的

因为你看到的是非常快的信息

不断的在切换

是很碎片化的信息

而且是很难形成长期的记忆的

因为长期记忆跟短期记忆的机制是不一样的

所以你会发现你刷了3个小时

你还能记得你刷了什么吗

很难对吧

这是在认知层面

那设想你可能在认知层面知道了

刷短视频确实有很多很多的危害

我很想停下来

但是我做不到

这就是能力层面的问题了

对于孩子来说

我上面列的可能是孩子自制力相对比较弱

我们前面有讲过

孩子对时间感知的能力相对也是比较弱的

所以你会发现成年人有可能我设个闹钟

或者我过了一段时间我意识到了

但是孩子可能刷了好几个小时

就没有意识到时间很快就过去了

再有就是

儿童调节情绪的能力可能也是比较弱的

除了这些自身的原因之外

我们要看到短视频设计的问题

短视频的特点就是

它是会无限滚动自动播放

而且是有算法的推荐

所以它不断的给你推送你会感兴趣的内容

再有就是他是会给你制造惊喜的

因为你不知道你下一条刷到的是什么

这个就有点像开盲盒

你开了盲盒的过程中

那惊喜的一瞬间

可能就是你当天最大的快乐了

那设想你真的能够控制你自己

还存在一个问题

就是你可能不愿意停止

你就是想要刷短视频

人为什么会想要刷呢

有这样的一些可能性

可能是你的家里管的太严了

你就特别想要跟你的爸妈对着干

也可能你的压力非常的大

你要通过短视频来释放你的压力

也有可能短视频是一种社交的货币

你的同学都在聊一些话题的时候

如果你发现我跟你们聊一本书

可能别人就翻翻眼睛

觉得有点聊不到一块去

所以这样的一些可能的原因

如果你能够想的更加的全面

很多时候能够帮助我们更好的去想解决的办法

因为我们很多时候容易面对问题的时候

直接就想我要去禁止

但是如果你能从原因入手去分析问题

你就会发现

其他的方法可能比禁止要更加的有用

比如说不知道短视频的危害

那我们可能就要去了解它

这个时候从父母的角度

不是用训斥的语气

不是用说教的方式去要求孩子理解

而是我们真的带着关心

带着想要去了解这个世界的科技

对我自己的生活带来了什么样的影响

去了解它

那针对能力方面

我们可以提高情绪调节的能力

去设定闹钟这样的一些方法

还有就是了解短视频的一些设计的陷阱

那针对愿不愿意的问题

可能比起严格的管控

我们可以跟父母去商量一些约定

双方都达成一些共识

再有就是减少学习的压力

培养深度的爱好

那最后呢

比如说你可以寻找更多的同伴

提高一些社交的能力

这样的一些解决办法都是可以去尝试的

这是我想分享的第五个思考方法

叫知 能 愿

用这个方法来分析原因

从原因入手去解决问题

我们c计划的课程

很多儿童的课程是在线直播的这种方式

有儿童思辨的阅读课

有写作和表达课

还有给青少年的新闻课

右边是我们三位主创

就是我和另外两位主创写的一本书

叫《学会思考》

这个主要是面向成年人的

里面会更多讲到批判性思维的核心的方法

最核心的方法我今天还没有时间能够讲

我今天只是讲了书里的其中的几个方法

那这个是我们每年带孩子读的17-22本书

这些书

我们这两年发现了一个现象

就是四年以前有很多的书和话题

普遍孩子们会非常感兴趣

但是到四年后的今天

对于很多孩子来说

可能他的兴趣度真的降低了很多

这个也是非常非常的无奈

这个是三到九年级到初中毕业的一些书

那最后我想说说批判性思维到底是什么

批判性思维其实是一种让我们去反思思考的过程

然后再去决定我到底应该相信什么

应该做什么

很多时候我们相信的东西

其实不是真经过我们自己审慎的思考

独立的思考的

而是爸妈告诉我们的

社会告诉我们的

媒体告诉我们的

我们已经完全习以为常的

那批判性思维要求我们要做到审慎公允

要懂得质疑

也懂得反思

要重视证据

尤其是事实的证据

很多时候人们都会对批判性思维有很多质疑

比如说会不会培养杠精啊

会不会显得很冷漠啊

会不会不合群啊

会不会让人变得太较真啊

我会听到很多这样的质疑

但我想说的是

质疑是批判性思维可能第一重要的一种特点

我们叫合理质疑

但质疑是思考的起点

不是思考的终点

质疑是为了更好的相信

所以当你止步于质疑的时候

我们就要去反思我们的思考方式了

我们希望所有的质疑其实引向的是

你对批判性思维更感兴趣

你想要更多的去了解

更多的去思考

最后我想用一句话结束今天的演讲

慎思破迷障

对话铸共识

谢谢大家

Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary	Meanings
critical /ˈkrɪtɪkəl/ B2	adjective - expressing adverse or disapproving judgment; essential.
think /θɪŋk/ A2	verb - to have a particular opinion or belief; to use one's mind to consider.
thinking /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ B1	noun - the process of using one's mind to form ideas, make decisions, or solve problems.
evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ B2	verb - to judge or determine the significance, worth or quality of something.
evaluation /ɪˌvæljʊˈeɪʃən/ B2	noun - the act of judging or assessing something.
fact /fækt/ A2	noun - something that actually exists or happens and can be proved.
opinion /əˈpɪnjən/ A2	noun - a personal view, belief, or judgment.
evidence /ˈɛvɪdəns/ B2	noun - information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ B2	noun - a tendency to favor or prejudice for or against something.
choice /tʃɔɪs/ A2	noun - the act of selecting among alternatives.
consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ B1	noun - a result or effect of an action or condition.
health /hɛlθ/ A2	noun - the state of being free from illness or injury.
weight /weɪt/ A1	noun - the measure of how heavy something is.
BMI /ˌbiː ɛm ˈaɪ/ C1	noun - Body Mass Index, a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
research /rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/ B2	noun - systematic investigation to establish facts or principles. verb - to conduct systematic investigation.
confidence /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ B2	noun - belief in one's own abilities or qualities.
emotion /ɪˈməʊʃən/ B1	noun - a strong feeling such as joy, sadness, anger, etc.
value /ˈvæljuː/ B1	noun - the importance, worth, or usefulness of something. verb - to consider something important or beneficial.
analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/ B2	noun - detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.
reflect /rɪˈflɛkt/ B2	verb - to think carefully about something; to show an image.