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Alcohol is the most harmful substance on Earth.  Every year it kills more people than terrorism,   00:00
wars, homicides and car accidents combined.  It injures tens of millions in accidents,   00:06
violence and crime; while keeping  hundreds of millions trapped in   00:13
disease. If it didn’t exist already,  inventing it today would be unthinkable. 00:16
And yet, more than 2 billion people drink. Most  of us can't imagine a barbecue without beer,   00:22
a wedding without wine or a fancy  soirée without champagne. We have   00:28
a drink at the weekend because it's the  weekend. But also after work. When we   00:33
are stressed and when we are relaxed.  Sad and happy. At home and outside. 00:37
Alcohol is kind of a paradox. Why do we cling  so much to the thing that harms us the most? 00:43
You After One Drink 00:50
Alcohol is a biological weapon that yeast produces  during fermentation to wipe out its competition.   00:52
In alcoholic drinks it’s mixed with water and  flavored with everything from fruits to caramel. 00:58
With just one sip, sextillions of alcohol  molecules flood your stomach and small intestine.   01:03
From there they head to your liver – your primary  detox center, and to other organs like the brain.   01:10
But your liver can only process about one  sip of beer every 5 minutes. So unless you   01:15
drink really slowly, it will become overwhelmed  while an ever-growing swarm floods your brain. 01:20
Here’s where the chaos begins. The  legion of intruders fills your brain   01:25
and starts messing with neurotransmitters and  receptors. Their sabotage is so complex that   01:30
scientists aren’t fully sure yet about  all their mechanisms. But we know that   01:35
alcohol numbs your neurons, making them  slower and disrupts their communication. 01:39
This has several effects. It sedates you, melting  away tension and stress. It stuns your prefrontal   01:45
cortex, your center for decision-making and  self-control, making you more disinhibited   01:51
and prone to say or do things that you normally  wouldn’t. And it releases endorphins – “feel good”   01:56
molecules deeply tied to human connection.  The chemicals that we produce when we laugh,   02:02
sing or dance with others, and which help us  turn fleeting moments into shared memories. 02:07
So after a drink or three, the world doesn’t only  feel lighter. It feels lighter with others. The   02:13
invisible walls of insecurity around us begin to  soften and you find yourself becoming a little   02:19
more… you. Less afraid to talk, laugh, sing or  share joys and sorrows. Conversations flow easier,   02:24
smiles last a little longer, and strangers  can become friends or lovers more easily.   02:32
So for a while, it feels like the weight  of being human isn’t yours to carry alone. 02:38
Alcohol sits at a sweet spot of gentle  relaxation, mild courage and friendly   02:44
companionship that makes it the perfect social  lubricant. One that comes with quite a few costs. 02:48
Your Body on Regular Drinking 02:56
For billions, these rounds become more frequent  over time. The occasional drink becomes a weekly   02:58
habit, then a ritual every other day,  catching up with friends or unwinding.   03:04
And there's always this buddy who drinks  way more and has a perfectly normal life. 03:08
But as the rounds add up over years, the  damage builds up. The alcohol molecule   03:13
can dissolve in water and fat, which allows  it to invade almost every cell and tissue.   03:17
And when your body breaks it down, it transforms  into acetaldehyde – a chemical that is even more   03:22
toxic than alcohol itself and that wreaks  havoc on your tissues, cells and DNA. 03:28
In your brain, this shrinks your  neurons and severs their connections,   03:33
making it harder for different parts of the  brain to communicate. As your brain withers,   03:37
your memories fade, your thinking slows  down and your risk of dementia increases.   03:41
When and how you drink matters – the  younger you are, the wider the damage;   03:46
and the more you drink in one  go, the worse you’ll make it. 03:51
The human brain isn’t fully  wired until your mid 20s,   03:54
so drinking before that age is like smashing  wet cement before it has set. In 20-year-olds,   03:57
blackout drinking episodes have been  found to cause mental problems for up   04:03
to a year – forgetting why you entered a room  or having difficulty learning new things. Binge   04:07
drinking in late adolescence is also one of the  highest risk factors for early-onset dementia. 04:12
Then there is cancer. Just as smoking  hits your lungs, alcohol causes 8 types of   04:18
cancer – basically everywhere from mouth to bowel,  plus breast cancer in women. Here risks start at   04:23
an average consumption of less than 1 glass  of wine per day. Beyond that, risks increase.   04:29
Worldwide, alcohol causes around 740,000 new  cancer cases per year, leading to 400,000 deaths. 04:35
Another victim is your liver. Alcohol disrupts fat  metabolism, causing fat to build up in your liver   04:44
cells. But this often has no symptoms, so you may  go on drinking as your liver slowly turns to fat,   04:50
swells with inflammation and starts to fail. The  final stage is cirrhosis – your liver is full of   04:56
scars and barely functioning. This might take  over 10 years, but once it appears it's largely   05:02
irreversible. Every year, 600,000 people die  because they have a liver destroyed by alcohol. 05:07
Drinking also weakens your heart, raises  blood pressure and increases the risk of   05:15
stroke and thrombosis – leading to another 500,000  deaths from cardiovascular diseases every year. 05:19
In terms of looks too, alcohol damages  cells around your body, including your   05:25
skin which looks older, sooner. And not only  does alcohol contain a lot of calories itself,   05:30
it also makes many people very hungry. Drinking  is a huge source of weight gain and increases   05:36
the risk of obesity, opening the door  to a cascade of other health problems. 05:42
When scientists crunch these numbers,  they see that health problems can start   05:46
at about 1 beer a day, and that the  chances of premature death start   05:50
rising significantly at around 3 beers a  day for men, and less than 2 for women. 05:54
If this sounds like a lot to you,  maybe look around. In the EU,   05:59
the average man drinks the equivalent of  almost 3 beers a day. The average woman,   06:03
almost 1. Similar figures  apply to much of the world,   06:09
especially the West. There is no other drug we  consume that gets so close to the edge of harm. 06:12
It Isn’t Only Your Body 06:19
Alcohol is unique for another reason:  its unmatched ability to destroy others. 06:22
Alcohol causes a staggering amount of accidents.  The numbness and disinhibition of a few drinks   06:27
can morph you into a clumsy critter eager  to take really stupid risks – on a balcony,   06:33
at sea, or on the road. Every year,  alcohol-fueled accidents kill 500,000 people;   06:38
300,000 of them in car accidents. But  more than half of the people who died   06:44
in those crashes didn't drink. They  just died because someone else did. 06:49
Alcohol is also one of the major causes of  violence, from fights at the pub to domestic   06:54
abuse, other brutal assaults and murder. Figures  differ by country, but essentially 50% of all   06:58
violent crime and sexual assault is committed by  drunk offenders. Each year, alcohol-fueled crime   07:04
kills about 100,000 people. That's a city like  Pisa being massacred every year by a drunk mob. 07:10
And then you have all the non-lethal  victims. In England alone, 500,000   07:17
adults are injured every year in accidents  caused by drunk people. Another 800,000 get   07:22
hurt in violent attacks by drunk offenders.  Zoomed out to the rest of the drinking world,   07:27
this means that, every year, dozens of millions  are physically harmed by someone else's drinking. 07:32
The most innocent bystanders are the 600,000  babies born every year with fetal alcohol   07:38
spectrum disorder, a devastating lifelong  condition caused by drinking during pregnancy. 07:44
Alcohol is nothing short of a global catastrophe. 07:50
The Final Toll – The  Hijacking of 400 Million Lives 07:54
When your drinking escalates to a point that  it causes real harm to yourself or others,   07:59
you’ve crossed the invisible line to alcoholism.  An estimated 400 million people, 1 in 14 adults,   08:04
are in this territory. The line is very  fuzzy and varies from person to person.   08:11
But if you consistently drink 8 beers per week  as a woman, 15 as a man, or 5 on the same day,   08:15
you’ve either crossed the line or  are dangerously walking towards it. 08:22
Of those 400 million, more than half have  fallen into an even deeper trap – dependence.   08:26
When alcohol has become something that  you physically or psychologically need.   08:32
In Europe and the Americas, 1 in  20 adults are caught in this web. 08:37
The stereotype of alcoholism is one of  extremes. A homeless person clutching   08:42
a bottle or an always-drunk father shouting  at his kids. But it can be far more silent. 08:46
A US study found that up to 50% of all  alcoholics may fly under the radar. They   08:52
come in two main groups: unproblematic young  adults, and middle-aged professionals with   08:57
successful careers and families. As  one of them you’ll show no antisocial   09:02
behavior. You’ll fulfill your obligations.  You’ll probably have no diagnosed health   09:06
conditions. But on average you’ll be having  4 beers a day and will get drunk every week. 09:11
And neither you nor your family may notice. No  one questions a drink at dinner, after work,   09:17
or at a party. But it is exactly that  that makes alcohol so dangerous. No   09:23
other drug is so widely accepted,  casually consumed and easily ignored. 09:28
So OK – How did we come to this? 09:33
A Pact With the Devil 09:36
We made a pact with alcohol to help us solve  one of the greatest challenges of being human. 09:38
Human interaction is messy. We long for closeness.  But we are also anxious, awkward, and wary of each   09:44
other. “Am I talking too much?” “Do they actually  like me?” “What if I say something stupid?” 09:50
There are many ways to navigate this, alcohol is  not “the” solution, but it is definitely one of   09:56
them. It is a real and effortless solution  to the problem of connecting with others.   10:02
Studies confirm what we have known for  millennia. Modest quantities of alcohol   10:07
help strangers bond. And individuals who  drink moderately and socially tend to   10:11
have more friends, closer friendships,  and higher levels of trust in others. 10:16
So if we want to step away from alcohol, we  need to be honest about what we gain from it.   10:21
For millennia we’ve been giving it our health and  years of our lives. And in return, alcohol gave us   10:25
confidence, connection, and celebration.  But right now this is changing rapidly. 10:31
Younger generations and especially Gen Z are  drinking far less than their parents did. In the   10:37
US, the share of 18-year-olds who have ever tried  alcohol has dropped by 25% in the last decades.   10:42
Binge drinking in adolescents has plummeted by  50%. And even in countries like Germany or France,   10:49
where beer and wine have always been part of the  cultural DNA, alcohol consumption is falling. And   10:55
that’s a victory. Fewer accidents. Fewer hospital  beds filled. Fewer lives quietly derailed. 11:00
But at the same time, other things  have been falling too. The share of   11:07
young people who see their friends  almost every day has plummeted by   11:11
50%. Attendance at parties has fallen by  30%. Dating and casual sex have fallen   11:14
by a similar amount. All while loneliness  and mental health issues have skyrocketed. 11:20
There are many different reasons for this, from  covid to social media. But the shift in which   11:26
drugs we consume is probably not totally unrelated  either. Drugs like weed have gained ground   11:31
massively and in contrast to drinking, smoking  weed tends to make many people less energetic   11:37
and likely to do things, more socially awkward and  especially if you use a lot of it, more lonely. 11:42
Alcohol has been a powerful and influential tool  for sharing, celebrating and enjoying life with   11:48
others for thousands of years. If the West is  on the path to drinking less, we might also be   11:54
on the path to something completely new. A future  where we connect and rejoice without a poisonous   12:00
chemical crutch, or at least without this specific  one. It’s up to us to figure out what comes next. 12:06
There are so many other ways to strengthen  your confidence and make connections:   12:17
By doing the things you are passionate  about. By working towards the future.   12:21
By investing time into your dreams  – like starting your own business. 12:25
With the help of today’s sponsor  Odoo, a business management software,   12:30
you can do the first step of starting  a new business in three minutes. Don’t   12:33
believe me? I bet you five ducks  and you and I will do it together. 12:37
You can try Odoo for free by clicking this button   12:41
here – the first application stays  free forever with unlimited hosting   12:44
and support. Let’s select the eCommerce  application to set up an online store. 12:48
Then you just follow the eCommerce configurator.  In a few quick steps, your website is ready to   12:53
edit. Customize everything with an intuitive  drag-and-drop editor that feels more like play   12:58
than work. Adding products is just as simple:  give them a name and set a price. Once the   13:03
product is created, customize its page by adding  images, a description, and adjusting the layout   13:09
with content blocks, then it’s live. Behind the  scenes, you can fine-tune the essentials: taxes,   13:14
payment methods, and shipping options.  And just like that, you’re not only   13:21
online… you’re ready to start selling. That’s it: You did the first big step,   13:25
you owe me five ducks and you’re  ready to start your business. 13:30
But Odoo offers so much more: applications  such as accounting, project management,   13:34
HR – all the needs of your business centralized  on one single platform. You can focus on your   13:38
project while Odoo improves your productivity  and adapts along with your needs and demands. 13:44
The most impact you can have on your dream  within three minutes – just try it out. 13:49

– English Lyrics

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[English]
Alcohol is the most harmful substance on Earth.  Every year it kills more people than terrorism,  
wars, homicides and car accidents combined.  It injures tens of millions in accidents,  
violence and crime; while keeping  hundreds of millions trapped in  
disease. If it didn’t exist already,  inventing it today would be unthinkable.
And yet, more than 2 billion people drink. Most  of us can't imagine a barbecue without beer,  
a wedding without wine or a fancy  soirée without champagne. We have  
a drink at the weekend because it's the  weekend. But also after work. When we  
are stressed and when we are relaxed.  Sad and happy. At home and outside.
Alcohol is kind of a paradox. Why do we cling  so much to the thing that harms us the most?
You After One Drink
Alcohol is a biological weapon that yeast produces  during fermentation to wipe out its competition.  
In alcoholic drinks it’s mixed with water and  flavored with everything from fruits to caramel.
With just one sip, sextillions of alcohol  molecules flood your stomach and small intestine.  
From there they head to your liver – your primary  detox center, and to other organs like the brain.  
But your liver can only process about one  sip of beer every 5 minutes. So unless you  
drink really slowly, it will become overwhelmed  while an ever-growing swarm floods your brain.
Here’s where the chaos begins. The  legion of intruders fills your brain  
and starts messing with neurotransmitters and  receptors. Their sabotage is so complex that  
scientists aren’t fully sure yet about  all their mechanisms. But we know that  
alcohol numbs your neurons, making them  slower and disrupts their communication.
This has several effects. It sedates you, melting  away tension and stress. It stuns your prefrontal  
cortex, your center for decision-making and  self-control, making you more disinhibited  
and prone to say or do things that you normally  wouldn’t. And it releases endorphins – “feel good”  
molecules deeply tied to human connection.  The chemicals that we produce when we laugh,  
sing or dance with others, and which help us  turn fleeting moments into shared memories.
So after a drink or three, the world doesn’t only  feel lighter. It feels lighter with others. The  
invisible walls of insecurity around us begin to  soften and you find yourself becoming a little  
more… you. Less afraid to talk, laugh, sing or  share joys and sorrows. Conversations flow easier,  
smiles last a little longer, and strangers  can become friends or lovers more easily.  
So for a while, it feels like the weight  of being human isn’t yours to carry alone.
Alcohol sits at a sweet spot of gentle  relaxation, mild courage and friendly  
companionship that makes it the perfect social  lubricant. One that comes with quite a few costs.
Your Body on Regular Drinking
For billions, these rounds become more frequent  over time. The occasional drink becomes a weekly  
habit, then a ritual every other day,  catching up with friends or unwinding.  
And there's always this buddy who drinks  way more and has a perfectly normal life.
But as the rounds add up over years, the  damage builds up. The alcohol molecule  
can dissolve in water and fat, which allows  it to invade almost every cell and tissue.  
And when your body breaks it down, it transforms  into acetaldehyde – a chemical that is even more  
toxic than alcohol itself and that wreaks  havoc on your tissues, cells and DNA.
In your brain, this shrinks your  neurons and severs their connections,  
making it harder for different parts of the  brain to communicate. As your brain withers,  
your memories fade, your thinking slows  down and your risk of dementia increases.  
When and how you drink matters – the  younger you are, the wider the damage;  
and the more you drink in one  go, the worse you’ll make it.
The human brain isn’t fully  wired until your mid 20s,  
so drinking before that age is like smashing  wet cement before it has set. In 20-year-olds,  
blackout drinking episodes have been  found to cause mental problems for up  
to a year – forgetting why you entered a room  or having difficulty learning new things. Binge  
drinking in late adolescence is also one of the  highest risk factors for early-onset dementia.
Then there is cancer. Just as smoking  hits your lungs, alcohol causes 8 types of  
cancer – basically everywhere from mouth to bowel,  plus breast cancer in women. Here risks start at  
an average consumption of less than 1 glass  of wine per day. Beyond that, risks increase.  
Worldwide, alcohol causes around 740,000 new  cancer cases per year, leading to 400,000 deaths.
Another victim is your liver. Alcohol disrupts fat  metabolism, causing fat to build up in your liver  
cells. But this often has no symptoms, so you may  go on drinking as your liver slowly turns to fat,  
swells with inflammation and starts to fail. The  final stage is cirrhosis – your liver is full of  
scars and barely functioning. This might take  over 10 years, but once it appears it's largely  
irreversible. Every year, 600,000 people die  because they have a liver destroyed by alcohol.
Drinking also weakens your heart, raises  blood pressure and increases the risk of  
stroke and thrombosis – leading to another 500,000  deaths from cardiovascular diseases every year.
In terms of looks too, alcohol damages  cells around your body, including your  
skin which looks older, sooner. And not only  does alcohol contain a lot of calories itself,  
it also makes many people very hungry. Drinking  is a huge source of weight gain and increases  
the risk of obesity, opening the door  to a cascade of other health problems.
When scientists crunch these numbers,  they see that health problems can start  
at about 1 beer a day, and that the  chances of premature death start  
rising significantly at around 3 beers a  day for men, and less than 2 for women.
If this sounds like a lot to you,  maybe look around. In the EU,  
the average man drinks the equivalent of  almost 3 beers a day. The average woman,  
almost 1. Similar figures  apply to much of the world,  
especially the West. There is no other drug we  consume that gets so close to the edge of harm.
It Isn’t Only Your Body
Alcohol is unique for another reason:  its unmatched ability to destroy others.
Alcohol causes a staggering amount of accidents.  The numbness and disinhibition of a few drinks  
can morph you into a clumsy critter eager  to take really stupid risks – on a balcony,  
at sea, or on the road. Every year,  alcohol-fueled accidents kill 500,000 people;  
300,000 of them in car accidents. But  more than half of the people who died  
in those crashes didn't drink. They  just died because someone else did.
Alcohol is also one of the major causes of  violence, from fights at the pub to domestic  
abuse, other brutal assaults and murder. Figures  differ by country, but essentially 50% of all  
violent crime and sexual assault is committed by  drunk offenders. Each year, alcohol-fueled crime  
kills about 100,000 people. That's a city like  Pisa being massacred every year by a drunk mob.
And then you have all the non-lethal  victims. In England alone, 500,000  
adults are injured every year in accidents  caused by drunk people. Another 800,000 get  
hurt in violent attacks by drunk offenders.  Zoomed out to the rest of the drinking world,  
this means that, every year, dozens of millions  are physically harmed by someone else's drinking.
The most innocent bystanders are the 600,000  babies born every year with fetal alcohol  
spectrum disorder, a devastating lifelong  condition caused by drinking during pregnancy.
Alcohol is nothing short of a global catastrophe.
The Final Toll – The  Hijacking of 400 Million Lives
When your drinking escalates to a point that  it causes real harm to yourself or others,  
you’ve crossed the invisible line to alcoholism.  An estimated 400 million people, 1 in 14 adults,  
are in this territory. The line is very  fuzzy and varies from person to person.  
But if you consistently drink 8 beers per week  as a woman, 15 as a man, or 5 on the same day,  
you’ve either crossed the line or  are dangerously walking towards it.
Of those 400 million, more than half have  fallen into an even deeper trap – dependence.  
When alcohol has become something that  you physically or psychologically need.  
In Europe and the Americas, 1 in  20 adults are caught in this web.
The stereotype of alcoholism is one of  extremes. A homeless person clutching  
a bottle or an always-drunk father shouting  at his kids. But it can be far more silent.
A US study found that up to 50% of all  alcoholics may fly under the radar. They  
come in two main groups: unproblematic young  adults, and middle-aged professionals with  
successful careers and families. As  one of them you’ll show no antisocial  
behavior. You’ll fulfill your obligations.  You’ll probably have no diagnosed health  
conditions. But on average you’ll be having  4 beers a day and will get drunk every week.
And neither you nor your family may notice. No  one questions a drink at dinner, after work,  
or at a party. But it is exactly that  that makes alcohol so dangerous. No  
other drug is so widely accepted,  casually consumed and easily ignored.
So OK – How did we come to this?
A Pact With the Devil
We made a pact with alcohol to help us solve  one of the greatest challenges of being human.
Human interaction is messy. We long for closeness.  But we are also anxious, awkward, and wary of each  
other. “Am I talking too much?” “Do they actually  like me?” “What if I say something stupid?”
There are many ways to navigate this, alcohol is  not “the” solution, but it is definitely one of  
them. It is a real and effortless solution  to the problem of connecting with others.  
Studies confirm what we have known for  millennia. Modest quantities of alcohol  
help strangers bond. And individuals who  drink moderately and socially tend to  
have more friends, closer friendships,  and higher levels of trust in others.
So if we want to step away from alcohol, we  need to be honest about what we gain from it.  
For millennia we’ve been giving it our health and  years of our lives. And in return, alcohol gave us  
confidence, connection, and celebration.  But right now this is changing rapidly.
Younger generations and especially Gen Z are  drinking far less than their parents did. In the  
US, the share of 18-year-olds who have ever tried  alcohol has dropped by 25% in the last decades.  
Binge drinking in adolescents has plummeted by  50%. And even in countries like Germany or France,  
where beer and wine have always been part of the  cultural DNA, alcohol consumption is falling. And  
that’s a victory. Fewer accidents. Fewer hospital  beds filled. Fewer lives quietly derailed.
But at the same time, other things  have been falling too. The share of  
young people who see their friends  almost every day has plummeted by  
50%. Attendance at parties has fallen by  30%. Dating and casual sex have fallen  
by a similar amount. All while loneliness  and mental health issues have skyrocketed.
There are many different reasons for this, from  covid to social media. But the shift in which  
drugs we consume is probably not totally unrelated  either. Drugs like weed have gained ground  
massively and in contrast to drinking, smoking  weed tends to make many people less energetic  
and likely to do things, more socially awkward and  especially if you use a lot of it, more lonely.
Alcohol has been a powerful and influential tool  for sharing, celebrating and enjoying life with  
others for thousands of years. If the West is  on the path to drinking less, we might also be  
on the path to something completely new. A future  where we connect and rejoice without a poisonous  
chemical crutch, or at least without this specific  one. It’s up to us to figure out what comes next.
There are so many other ways to strengthen  your confidence and make connections:  
By doing the things you are passionate  about. By working towards the future.  
By investing time into your dreams  – like starting your own business.
With the help of today’s sponsor  Odoo, a business management software,  
you can do the first step of starting  a new business in three minutes. Don’t  
believe me? I bet you five ducks  and you and I will do it together.
You can try Odoo for free by clicking this button  
here – the first application stays  free forever with unlimited hosting  
and support. Let’s select the eCommerce  application to set up an online store.
Then you just follow the eCommerce configurator.  In a few quick steps, your website is ready to  
edit. Customize everything with an intuitive  drag-and-drop editor that feels more like play  
than work. Adding products is just as simple:  give them a name and set a price. Once the  
product is created, customize its page by adding  images, a description, and adjusting the layout  
with content blocks, then it’s live. Behind the  scenes, you can fine-tune the essentials: taxes,  
payment methods, and shipping options.  And just like that, you’re not only  
online… you’re ready to start selling. That’s it: You did the first big step,  
you owe me five ducks and you’re  ready to start your business.
But Odoo offers so much more: applications  such as accounting, project management,  
HR – all the needs of your business centralized  on one single platform. You can focus on your  
project while Odoo improves your productivity  and adapts along with your needs and demands.
The most impact you can have on your dream  within three minutes – just try it out.

Key Vocabulary

Start Practicing
Vocabulary Meanings

alcohol

/ˈælkəhɑːl/

A1
  • noun
  • - a colorless volatile flammable liquid which is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks

drink

/drɪŋk/

A1
  • verb
  • - take (a liquid) into the mouth and swallow
  • noun
  • - an alcoholic drink

brain

/breɪn/

A2
  • noun
  • - an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull

people

/ˈpiːpəl/

A1
  • noun
  • - human beings in general or considered collectively

risk

/rɪsk/

B1
  • noun
  • - a situation involving exposure to danger
  • verb
  • - expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss

damage

/ˈdæmɪdʒ/

B1
  • noun
  • - physical harm that impairs the value, usefulness, or normal function of something
  • verb
  • - inflict physical harm on (something) so as to impair its value, usefulness, or normal function

harm

/hɑːrm/

B1
  • noun
  • - physical injury or mental damage
  • verb
  • - injure or damage

cancer

/ˈkænsər/

B2
  • noun
  • - a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

death

/dɛθ/

A2
  • noun
  • - the end of the life of a person or organism

violence

/ˈvaɪələns/

B1
  • noun
  • - behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something

disease

/dɪˈziːz/

A2
  • noun
  • - a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms

accident

/ˈæksɪdənt/

A2
  • noun
  • - an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury

connection

/kəˈnɛkʃən/

B1
  • noun
  • - a relationship in which a person or thing is linked or associated with something else

confidence

/ˈkɒnfɪdəns/

A2
  • noun
  • - the feeling or belief that one can rely on someone or something

stress

/strɛs/

A2
  • noun
  • - a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances

relax

/rɪˈlæks/

A2
  • verb
  • - make or become less tense or anxious

friend

/frɛnd/

A1
  • noun
  • - a person with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically one exclusive of sexual or family relations

memory

/ˈmɛməri/

A2
  • noun
  • - the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information

decision

/dɪˈsɪʒən/

A2
  • noun
  • - a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration

problem

/ˈprɒbləm/

A2
  • noun
  • - a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome

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