[English]
Alcohol is the most harmful substance on Earth.
Every year it kills more people than terrorism,
wars, homicides and car accidents combined.
It injures tens of millions in accidents,
violence and crime; while keeping
hundreds of millions trapped in
disease. If it didn’t exist already,
inventing it today would be unthinkable.
And yet, more than 2 billion people drink. Most
of us can't imagine a barbecue without beer,
a wedding without wine or a fancy
soirée without champagne. We have
a drink at the weekend because it's the
weekend. But also after work. When we
are stressed and when we are relaxed.
Sad and happy. At home and outside.
Alcohol is kind of a paradox. Why do we cling
so much to the thing that harms us the most?
You After One Drink
Alcohol is a biological weapon that yeast produces
during fermentation to wipe out its competition.
In alcoholic drinks it’s mixed with water and
flavored with everything from fruits to caramel.
With just one sip, sextillions of alcohol
molecules flood your stomach and small intestine.
From there they head to your liver – your primary
detox center, and to other organs like the brain.
But your liver can only process about one
sip of beer every 5 minutes. So unless you
drink really slowly, it will become overwhelmed
while an ever-growing swarm floods your brain.
Here’s where the chaos begins. The
legion of intruders fills your brain
and starts messing with neurotransmitters and
receptors. Their sabotage is so complex that
scientists aren’t fully sure yet about
all their mechanisms. But we know that
alcohol numbs your neurons, making them
slower and disrupts their communication.
This has several effects. It sedates you, melting
away tension and stress. It stuns your prefrontal
cortex, your center for decision-making and
self-control, making you more disinhibited
and prone to say or do things that you normally
wouldn’t. And it releases endorphins – “feel good”
molecules deeply tied to human connection.
The chemicals that we produce when we laugh,
sing or dance with others, and which help us
turn fleeting moments into shared memories.
So after a drink or three, the world doesn’t only
feel lighter. It feels lighter with others. The
invisible walls of insecurity around us begin to
soften and you find yourself becoming a little
more… you. Less afraid to talk, laugh, sing or
share joys and sorrows. Conversations flow easier,
smiles last a little longer, and strangers
can become friends or lovers more easily.
So for a while, it feels like the weight
of being human isn’t yours to carry alone.
Alcohol sits at a sweet spot of gentle
relaxation, mild courage and friendly
companionship that makes it the perfect social
lubricant. One that comes with quite a few costs.
Your Body on Regular Drinking
For billions, these rounds become more frequent
over time. The occasional drink becomes a weekly
habit, then a ritual every other day,
catching up with friends or unwinding.
And there's always this buddy who drinks
way more and has a perfectly normal life.
But as the rounds add up over years, the
damage builds up. The alcohol molecule
can dissolve in water and fat, which allows
it to invade almost every cell and tissue.
And when your body breaks it down, it transforms
into acetaldehyde – a chemical that is even more
toxic than alcohol itself and that wreaks
havoc on your tissues, cells and DNA.
In your brain, this shrinks your
neurons and severs their connections,
making it harder for different parts of the
brain to communicate. As your brain withers,
your memories fade, your thinking slows
down and your risk of dementia increases.
When and how you drink matters – the
younger you are, the wider the damage;
and the more you drink in one
go, the worse you’ll make it.
The human brain isn’t fully
wired until your mid 20s,
so drinking before that age is like smashing
wet cement before it has set. In 20-year-olds,
blackout drinking episodes have been
found to cause mental problems for up
to a year – forgetting why you entered a room
or having difficulty learning new things. Binge
drinking in late adolescence is also one of the
highest risk factors for early-onset dementia.
Then there is cancer. Just as smoking
hits your lungs, alcohol causes 8 types of
cancer – basically everywhere from mouth to bowel,
plus breast cancer in women. Here risks start at
an average consumption of less than 1 glass
of wine per day. Beyond that, risks increase.
Worldwide, alcohol causes around 740,000 new
cancer cases per year, leading to 400,000 deaths.
Another victim is your liver. Alcohol disrupts fat
metabolism, causing fat to build up in your liver
cells. But this often has no symptoms, so you may
go on drinking as your liver slowly turns to fat,
swells with inflammation and starts to fail. The
final stage is cirrhosis – your liver is full of
scars and barely functioning. This might take
over 10 years, but once it appears it's largely
irreversible. Every year, 600,000 people die
because they have a liver destroyed by alcohol.
Drinking also weakens your heart, raises
blood pressure and increases the risk of
stroke and thrombosis – leading to another 500,000
deaths from cardiovascular diseases every year.
In terms of looks too, alcohol damages
cells around your body, including your
skin which looks older, sooner. And not only
does alcohol contain a lot of calories itself,
it also makes many people very hungry. Drinking
is a huge source of weight gain and increases
the risk of obesity, opening the door
to a cascade of other health problems.
When scientists crunch these numbers,
they see that health problems can start
at about 1 beer a day, and that the
chances of premature death start
rising significantly at around 3 beers a
day for men, and less than 2 for women.
If this sounds like a lot to you,
maybe look around. In the EU,
the average man drinks the equivalent of
almost 3 beers a day. The average woman,
almost 1. Similar figures
apply to much of the world,
especially the West. There is no other drug we
consume that gets so close to the edge of harm.
It Isn’t Only Your Body
Alcohol is unique for another reason:
its unmatched ability to destroy others.
Alcohol causes a staggering amount of accidents.
The numbness and disinhibition of a few drinks
can morph you into a clumsy critter eager
to take really stupid risks – on a balcony,
at sea, or on the road. Every year,
alcohol-fueled accidents kill 500,000 people;
300,000 of them in car accidents. But
more than half of the people who died
in those crashes didn't drink. They
just died because someone else did.
Alcohol is also one of the major causes of
violence, from fights at the pub to domestic
abuse, other brutal assaults and murder. Figures
differ by country, but essentially 50% of all
violent crime and sexual assault is committed by
drunk offenders. Each year, alcohol-fueled crime
kills about 100,000 people. That's a city like
Pisa being massacred every year by a drunk mob.
And then you have all the non-lethal
victims. In England alone, 500,000
adults are injured every year in accidents
caused by drunk people. Another 800,000 get
hurt in violent attacks by drunk offenders.
Zoomed out to the rest of the drinking world,
this means that, every year, dozens of millions
are physically harmed by someone else's drinking.
The most innocent bystanders are the 600,000
babies born every year with fetal alcohol
spectrum disorder, a devastating lifelong
condition caused by drinking during pregnancy.
Alcohol is nothing short of a global catastrophe.
The Final Toll – The
Hijacking of 400 Million Lives
When your drinking escalates to a point that
it causes real harm to yourself or others,
you’ve crossed the invisible line to alcoholism.
An estimated 400 million people, 1 in 14 adults,
are in this territory. The line is very
fuzzy and varies from person to person.
But if you consistently drink 8 beers per week
as a woman, 15 as a man, or 5 on the same day,
you’ve either crossed the line or
are dangerously walking towards it.
Of those 400 million, more than half have
fallen into an even deeper trap – dependence.
When alcohol has become something that
you physically or psychologically need.
In Europe and the Americas, 1 in
20 adults are caught in this web.
The stereotype of alcoholism is one of
extremes. A homeless person clutching
a bottle or an always-drunk father shouting
at his kids. But it can be far more silent.
A US study found that up to 50% of all
alcoholics may fly under the radar. They
come in two main groups: unproblematic young
adults, and middle-aged professionals with
successful careers and families. As
one of them you’ll show no antisocial
behavior. You’ll fulfill your obligations.
You’ll probably have no diagnosed health
conditions. But on average you’ll be having
4 beers a day and will get drunk every week.
And neither you nor your family may notice. No
one questions a drink at dinner, after work,
or at a party. But it is exactly that
that makes alcohol so dangerous. No
other drug is so widely accepted,
casually consumed and easily ignored.
So OK – How did we come to this?
A Pact With the Devil
We made a pact with alcohol to help us solve
one of the greatest challenges of being human.
Human interaction is messy. We long for closeness.
But we are also anxious, awkward, and wary of each
other. “Am I talking too much?” “Do they actually
like me?” “What if I say something stupid?”
There are many ways to navigate this, alcohol is
not “the” solution, but it is definitely one of
them. It is a real and effortless solution
to the problem of connecting with others.
Studies confirm what we have known for
millennia. Modest quantities of alcohol
help strangers bond. And individuals who
drink moderately and socially tend to
have more friends, closer friendships,
and higher levels of trust in others.
So if we want to step away from alcohol, we
need to be honest about what we gain from it.
For millennia we’ve been giving it our health and
years of our lives. And in return, alcohol gave us
confidence, connection, and celebration.
But right now this is changing rapidly.
Younger generations and especially Gen Z are
drinking far less than their parents did. In the
US, the share of 18-year-olds who have ever tried
alcohol has dropped by 25% in the last decades.
Binge drinking in adolescents has plummeted by
50%. And even in countries like Germany or France,
where beer and wine have always been part of the
cultural DNA, alcohol consumption is falling. And
that’s a victory. Fewer accidents. Fewer hospital
beds filled. Fewer lives quietly derailed.
But at the same time, other things
have been falling too. The share of
young people who see their friends
almost every day has plummeted by
50%. Attendance at parties has fallen by
30%. Dating and casual sex have fallen
by a similar amount. All while loneliness
and mental health issues have skyrocketed.
There are many different reasons for this, from
covid to social media. But the shift in which
drugs we consume is probably not totally unrelated
either. Drugs like weed have gained ground
massively and in contrast to drinking, smoking
weed tends to make many people less energetic
and likely to do things, more socially awkward and
especially if you use a lot of it, more lonely.
Alcohol has been a powerful and influential tool
for sharing, celebrating and enjoying life with
others for thousands of years. If the West is
on the path to drinking less, we might also be
on the path to something completely new. A future
where we connect and rejoice without a poisonous
chemical crutch, or at least without this specific
one. It’s up to us to figure out what comes next.
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