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Your time machine broke and you are  stuck in the worst time in history. 00:00
It feels like you stepped into an oven.  There are no plants or any vegetation,   00:08
and almost no moisture in the air. The sunlight  smashing down from the cloudless and weirdly   00:13
colored sky is reflected by an endless sea of red  and orange sand dunes stretching over the horizon,   00:19
for thousands of kilometers.Dust devils the size  of buildings dance over the hellish landscape. 00:25
You are in the Early Triassic, Hothouse  Earth 250 million years ago, a few million   00:34
years after the worst mass extinction in  history. The planet is still suffering from   00:40
a permanent fever. Volcanism and the runaway  greenhouse effect has transformed the planet   00:44
into hell. There is three to five times  more CO2 in the air than in the human era. 00:50
The formation of the massive supercontinent Pangea   00:55
led to the largest desert in history that  barely sees any rain. The gigantic ocean is   00:58
warm even deep below. Two superheated  currents circulate around the globe,   01:03
pumping extreme amounts of heat and moisture into  the atmosphere. There is no ice even at the poles. 01:09
Seems like you are stuck in the center of the  desert, isolated by endless ancient land masses.   01:16
One of the most hostile environments  Earth has ever produced. The deserts   01:22
we know are still full of life, but not  this one. Its core is starved of moisture   01:27
and the air is bone-dry. Your skin dries  out immediately and your lips begin to   01:32
crack. The CO2-rich air is easily 50°C and  sears your lungs with every labored breath. 01:38
The rubber soles of your boots begin  to melt. Your sweat evaporates before   01:46
it could cool you and your exposed  skin begins to crack within minutes. 01:53
Suddenly it becomes even hotter  as a red sandstorm envelopes the   01:57
landscape. Like thousands of tiny  sparks, burning hot sand hits your   02:01
skin. You stumble back into your machine  and press buttons at random – it can’t   02:06
do time travel but it can still move. You’re pressing your machine’s buttons   02:07
at random – it can’t do time  travel but it can still move. 02:09
You shoot over some of the mightiest  mountains Earth has ever seen.   02:13
Eventually, you stop at the  shores of the Tethys Sea. 02:18
The vast shallow ocean looks more like a  swamp, among scattered groups of waist high   02:23
ferns and spindly stems with tufted foliage. A few  Lystrosaurus feeding on them eye you curiously. 02:28
The water is murky and looks sickly and milky.   02:36
Colourful mats of bacteria float  on the surface like oil slicks. 02:39
The air is hot and humid like a steam  room. It’s hard to breathe and your   02:44
sweat can’t evaporate and cool you. Even  the water can’t give you any relief – it   02:48
is as hot as a freshly-run bath tub.  This hot ocean can’t hold much oxygen,   02:54
especially in deeper layers. Bacteria and  bivalves are the only species that thrive here. 03:00
The waves move almost sluggishly through  this thick bacterial soup. When they break,   03:06
they leave behind a glistening iridescent film.   03:12
Each wave that hits the shore releases a  mist that makes your eyes and throat burn,   03:16
carrying the rotten-egg stench of hydrogen  sulfide up from the oxygen-starved depths. 03:21
Barely conscious from the heat and smell  and CO2, you look at the horizon. A storm   03:27
is building unlike any you've ever seen. The  hot ocean feeds it endless energy and with   03:32
no continents to slow it down it will dwarf the  fiercest hurricanes of your time. You are doomed. 03:38
Your broken time machine jolts and screeches,  something is happening… 03:46
You are near the equator, in the late  Carboniferous, 320 million years ago. 03:57
The atmosphere is thick with moisture. The climate is locked in a never ending wet super summer,   04:02
without any other seasons. Colliding continents  are covered by the largest swamps the planet   04:08
will ever see. A paradise for plants, growing  faster than their dead biomass can decompose. The   04:12
ground beneath is a warm, soggy mass of decaying  vegetation. What will be an endless desert in 70   04:19
million years is now an endless alien jungle. A  huge variety of life is thriving in this period. 04:27
From your perspective this is  not that great. You are lost   04:35
in a maze of giant tree-like plants  towering over a twisted undergrowth   04:39
of giant ferns and endless varieties  of bizarre and unfamiliar vegetation. 04:43
The thick humid air smells of sweet decay but  breathing makes you dizzy - your vision seems   04:49
too sharp, your thoughts slightly frantic.  The dense plant cover has supercharged the   04:55
atmosphere with oxygen, 60% higher than in the  human era, and your body is trying to cope. 05:00
Which is great for the dominant land animals  which have conquered every niche of this majestic   05:06
garden: bugs. You are stuck in the golden age of  arthropods. In this oxygen-rich world, they have   05:11
evolved to sizes that will never be possible  again. They are innumerable and everywhere. 05:19
Armoured cat-sized Megarachne crash through  the undergrowth, hunting a swarm of panicked   05:26
roachoids that scatter in all directions. Above  you a griffinfly with wings spanning nearly a   05:31
meter and beating like helicopter blades catches a  Palaeodictyoptera mid-flight. You stumble through   05:37
the bushes filled with countless crawling  creatures as an Arthropleura the length of   05:43
a car picks its way through the ferns, moving  countless legs in hypnotic waves. You reach   05:48
a swampy clearing and stumble into the shallow  water, dizzy and terrified as a Pulmonoscorpius   05:54
rips apart its prey, eying you with some interest. Here in the clearing you can see the sky above   06:01
the canopy glow shrieking red, intensifying at an  alarming pace. The extreme humidity here creates   06:07
sudden, violent thunderstorms. And the oxygen-rich  atmosphere makes everything dangerously flammable.   06:14
Even the wet vegetation can burst into explosive  flame with the slightest spark. Why do all of your   06:21
trips end in a storm? Well, at least it will take  all the creatures that want to eat you with it…  06:28
Your broken time machine jolts back to  life, the world is folding in on itself. 06:33
You’ve woken wake up in the Early  Devonian 400 million years ago.   06:42
Much of the planet is covered in shallow seas,  while the land is mostly rocky plains and   06:46
mountains broken by braided rivers and mudflats.  Earth is in a state of transition. For about 100   06:51
million years life has begun to break down rocks  into soil – a soft layer that enables plants to   06:58
grow and life thrive. The ozone layer is slowly  building up, fed by organisms releasing gases.   07:03
Recently this process has been speeding up, the  land is turning from toxic to semi habitable. 07:10
The sky looks wrong somehow.  The sun blazes harsh and white,   07:16
barely filtered by the unfamiliar atmosphere. The air feels thin with only 15% oxygen compared   07:20
to today’s 21. Each breath feels shallow  and unsatisfying. You are on the verge of   07:27
passing out and can only move slowly. At least  it is currently moderately warm and not stormy.  07:33
But it's what dominates these lands that  makes this world truly alien. Reaching up   07:40
to 8 meters into the sky are massive obelisks  of fungal Prototaxites. As you walk closer,   07:44
you notice spores catching the sunlight, drifting  through the air like tiny stars. Your movement   07:51
disturbs more of them, creating clouds suspended  in the thin atmosphere. They coat your skin with   07:58
a fine, powdery, itchy film. You try not  to think about how many you're inhaling   08:04
with every breath in this oxygen-poor air. The ground feels nothing like soil. It's mostly   08:09
rock partly covered by a thin, slightly springy  layer of decomposing matter. Some shallow water   08:15
pools reflect the pale alien sky above. Between the fungal towers, there is a   08:22
carpet of smaller fungi and a few alien-like  primitive plants – no flowers, no leaves,   08:27
just strange green stalks and fern-like  structures that reach your ankles.  08:34
Around you, the fungal towers rise like pale  pillars, their surfaces neither smooth nor rough   08:40
but something in between. They're neither wet nor  dry, slightly yielding under your touch. Small   08:46
patches of what might be lichen create splashes  of muted greens and yellows on their surfaces.   08:52
The only animals you can spot are a  few insects burrowing into the large   08:58
mushrooms. Everything is eerily quiet. You sit down on a rock. Is this it?  09:02
As the night approaches, the pale sky shifts  into sickly purples and greys bleeding into   09:11
the darkness. No animal sounds announce the  coming night. Just the solemn whisper of the   09:17
prototaxites creaking in the wind. Through the  thin atmosphere the stars and the milky way   09:22
illuminate the scenery with unsettling  clarity. The fungal towers loom as pale   09:28
shapes against the starlit sky, their  silhouettes seeming even more wrong   09:34
in the darkness. You are utterly alone -  a time traveler lost in an alien world… 09:40
Your time machine sputters… 09:49
What now? 09:55
Time to start rebuilding civilization! And  while a hammer and saw would come in handy,   10:01
the single most important tool you’ll need  is your mind. Enter our friends at Brilliant,   10:07
who can transform your mind into a Swiss Army  knife capable of tackling all kinds of problems. 10:13
Brilliant helps you get smarter every  day, with thousands of bite-size,   10:19
interactive lessons on anything  you might be curious about. 10:23
Level up your skills in math  and logic with hands-on,   10:27
visual challenges that feel like a  game. Learn to think like a scientist,   10:30
exploring the physics of everything from a game of  pool to black holes. And plug into the big ideas   10:35
powering technology as you build real skills  in programming, AI, data analysis, and more.   10:40
Brilliant has a huge library of lessons to  explore, with new lessons added each month. 10:47
In each one, you learn through discovery—by  trying things yourself. In just minutes a day,   10:52
you’ll become a better thinker and problem solver,   10:57
with all the tools you need to  transform the world for the better. 11:00
To explore everything Brilliant has  to offer for free for a full 30 days,   11:04
visit Brilliant.org/nutshell or click on the link in the   11:07
description. You’ll also get 20%  off an annual premium subscription. 11:11

– English Lyrics

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Lyrics & Translation

[English]
Your time machine broke and you are  stuck in the worst time in history.
It feels like you stepped into an oven.  There are no plants or any vegetation,  
and almost no moisture in the air. The sunlight  smashing down from the cloudless and weirdly  
colored sky is reflected by an endless sea of red  and orange sand dunes stretching over the horizon,  
for thousands of kilometers.Dust devils the size  of buildings dance over the hellish landscape.
You are in the Early Triassic, Hothouse  Earth 250 million years ago, a few million  
years after the worst mass extinction in  history. The planet is still suffering from  
a permanent fever. Volcanism and the runaway  greenhouse effect has transformed the planet  
into hell. There is three to five times  more CO2 in the air than in the human era.
The formation of the massive supercontinent Pangea  
led to the largest desert in history that  barely sees any rain. The gigantic ocean is  
warm even deep below. Two superheated  currents circulate around the globe,  
pumping extreme amounts of heat and moisture into  the atmosphere. There is no ice even at the poles.
Seems like you are stuck in the center of the  desert, isolated by endless ancient land masses.  
One of the most hostile environments  Earth has ever produced. The deserts  
we know are still full of life, but not  this one. Its core is starved of moisture  
and the air is bone-dry. Your skin dries  out immediately and your lips begin to  
crack. The CO2-rich air is easily 50°C and  sears your lungs with every labored breath.
The rubber soles of your boots begin  to melt. Your sweat evaporates before  
it could cool you and your exposed  skin begins to crack within minutes.
Suddenly it becomes even hotter  as a red sandstorm envelopes the  
landscape. Like thousands of tiny  sparks, burning hot sand hits your  
skin. You stumble back into your machine  and press buttons at random – it can’t  
do time travel but it can still move. You’re pressing your machine’s buttons  
at random – it can’t do time  travel but it can still move.
You shoot over some of the mightiest  mountains Earth has ever seen.  
Eventually, you stop at the  shores of the Tethys Sea.
The vast shallow ocean looks more like a  swamp, among scattered groups of waist high  
ferns and spindly stems with tufted foliage. A few  Lystrosaurus feeding on them eye you curiously.
The water is murky and looks sickly and milky.  
Colourful mats of bacteria float  on the surface like oil slicks.
The air is hot and humid like a steam  room. It’s hard to breathe and your  
sweat can’t evaporate and cool you. Even  the water can’t give you any relief – it  
is as hot as a freshly-run bath tub.  This hot ocean can’t hold much oxygen,  
especially in deeper layers. Bacteria and  bivalves are the only species that thrive here.
The waves move almost sluggishly through  this thick bacterial soup. When they break,  
they leave behind a glistening iridescent film.  
Each wave that hits the shore releases a  mist that makes your eyes and throat burn,  
carrying the rotten-egg stench of hydrogen  sulfide up from the oxygen-starved depths.
Barely conscious from the heat and smell  and CO2, you look at the horizon. A storm  
is building unlike any you've ever seen. The  hot ocean feeds it endless energy and with  
no continents to slow it down it will dwarf the  fiercest hurricanes of your time. You are doomed.
Your broken time machine jolts and screeches,  something is happening…
You are near the equator, in the late  Carboniferous, 320 million years ago.
The atmosphere is thick with moisture. The climate is locked in a never ending wet super summer,  
without any other seasons. Colliding continents  are covered by the largest swamps the planet  
will ever see. A paradise for plants, growing  faster than their dead biomass can decompose. The  
ground beneath is a warm, soggy mass of decaying  vegetation. What will be an endless desert in 70  
million years is now an endless alien jungle. A  huge variety of life is thriving in this period.
From your perspective this is  not that great. You are lost  
in a maze of giant tree-like plants  towering over a twisted undergrowth  
of giant ferns and endless varieties  of bizarre and unfamiliar vegetation.
The thick humid air smells of sweet decay but  breathing makes you dizzy - your vision seems  
too sharp, your thoughts slightly frantic.  The dense plant cover has supercharged the  
atmosphere with oxygen, 60% higher than in the  human era, and your body is trying to cope.
Which is great for the dominant land animals  which have conquered every niche of this majestic  
garden: bugs. You are stuck in the golden age of  arthropods. In this oxygen-rich world, they have  
evolved to sizes that will never be possible  again. They are innumerable and everywhere.
Armoured cat-sized Megarachne crash through  the undergrowth, hunting a swarm of panicked  
roachoids that scatter in all directions. Above  you a griffinfly with wings spanning nearly a  
meter and beating like helicopter blades catches a  Palaeodictyoptera mid-flight. You stumble through  
the bushes filled with countless crawling  creatures as an Arthropleura the length of  
a car picks its way through the ferns, moving  countless legs in hypnotic waves. You reach  
a swampy clearing and stumble into the shallow  water, dizzy and terrified as a Pulmonoscorpius  
rips apart its prey, eying you with some interest. Here in the clearing you can see the sky above  
the canopy glow shrieking red, intensifying at an  alarming pace. The extreme humidity here creates  
sudden, violent thunderstorms. And the oxygen-rich  atmosphere makes everything dangerously flammable.  
Even the wet vegetation can burst into explosive  flame with the slightest spark. Why do all of your  
trips end in a storm? Well, at least it will take  all the creatures that want to eat you with it… 
Your broken time machine jolts back to  life, the world is folding in on itself.
You’ve woken wake up in the Early  Devonian 400 million years ago.  
Much of the planet is covered in shallow seas,  while the land is mostly rocky plains and  
mountains broken by braided rivers and mudflats.  Earth is in a state of transition. For about 100  
million years life has begun to break down rocks  into soil – a soft layer that enables plants to  
grow and life thrive. The ozone layer is slowly  building up, fed by organisms releasing gases.  
Recently this process has been speeding up, the  land is turning from toxic to semi habitable.
The sky looks wrong somehow.  The sun blazes harsh and white,  
barely filtered by the unfamiliar atmosphere. The air feels thin with only 15% oxygen compared  
to today’s 21. Each breath feels shallow  and unsatisfying. You are on the verge of  
passing out and can only move slowly. At least  it is currently moderately warm and not stormy. 
But it's what dominates these lands that  makes this world truly alien. Reaching up  
to 8 meters into the sky are massive obelisks  of fungal Prototaxites. As you walk closer,  
you notice spores catching the sunlight, drifting  through the air like tiny stars. Your movement  
disturbs more of them, creating clouds suspended  in the thin atmosphere. They coat your skin with  
a fine, powdery, itchy film. You try not  to think about how many you're inhaling  
with every breath in this oxygen-poor air. The ground feels nothing like soil. It's mostly  
rock partly covered by a thin, slightly springy  layer of decomposing matter. Some shallow water  
pools reflect the pale alien sky above. Between the fungal towers, there is a  
carpet of smaller fungi and a few alien-like  primitive plants – no flowers, no leaves,  
just strange green stalks and fern-like  structures that reach your ankles. 
Around you, the fungal towers rise like pale  pillars, their surfaces neither smooth nor rough  
but something in between. They're neither wet nor  dry, slightly yielding under your touch. Small  
patches of what might be lichen create splashes  of muted greens and yellows on their surfaces.  
The only animals you can spot are a  few insects burrowing into the large  
mushrooms. Everything is eerily quiet. You sit down on a rock. Is this it? 
As the night approaches, the pale sky shifts  into sickly purples and greys bleeding into  
the darkness. No animal sounds announce the  coming night. Just the solemn whisper of the  
prototaxites creaking in the wind. Through the  thin atmosphere the stars and the milky way  
illuminate the scenery with unsettling  clarity. The fungal towers loom as pale  
shapes against the starlit sky, their  silhouettes seeming even more wrong  
in the darkness. You are utterly alone -  a time traveler lost in an alien world…
Your time machine sputters…
What now?
Time to start rebuilding civilization! And  while a hammer and saw would come in handy,  
the single most important tool you’ll need  is your mind. Enter our friends at Brilliant,  
who can transform your mind into a Swiss Army  knife capable of tackling all kinds of problems.
Brilliant helps you get smarter every  day, with thousands of bite-size,  
interactive lessons on anything  you might be curious about.
Level up your skills in math  and logic with hands-on,  
visual challenges that feel like a  game. Learn to think like a scientist,  
exploring the physics of everything from a game of  pool to black holes. And plug into the big ideas  
powering technology as you build real skills  in programming, AI, data analysis, and more.  
Brilliant has a huge library of lessons to  explore, with new lessons added each month.
In each one, you learn through discovery—by  trying things yourself. In just minutes a day,  
you’ll become a better thinker and problem solver,  
with all the tools you need to  transform the world for the better.
To explore everything Brilliant has  to offer for free for a full 30 days,  
visit Brilliant.org/nutshell or click on the link in the  
description. You’ll also get 20%  off an annual premium subscription.

Key Vocabulary

Start Practicing
Vocabulary Meanings

time

/taɪm/

A1
  • noun
  • - the continued progress of existence and events

machine

/məˈʃiːn/

B1
  • noun
  • - a device that uses power to perform a task

desert

/ˈdɛzɚt/

B1
  • noun
  • - a barren area of land with little rainfall

heat

/hiːt/

A2
  • noun
  • - the quality of being hot or warm
  • verb
  • - to make something hot

oxygen

/ˈɑːk.sɪ.dʒən/

B2
  • noun
  • - a chemical element (O) essential for respiration

volcano

/vɒlˈkeɪnoʊ/

B1
  • noun
  • - an opening in the earth’s crust that erupts molten rock

extinction

/ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/

B2
  • noun
  • - the end of an organism or group of organisms

greenhouse

/ˈɡriːnhaʊs/

B2
  • noun
  • - a structure where plants are grown under controlled conditions

atmosphere

/ˈætməsfɪər/

B2
  • noun
  • - the layer of gases surrounding a planet

swamp

/swɑːmp/

B1
  • noun
  • - a wetland area with standing water and dense vegetation

jungle

/ˈdʒʌŋɡəl/

B1
  • noun
  • - a dense forest, especially in a tropical region

species

/ˈspiːʃiːz/

B2
  • noun
  • - a group of living organisms capable of interbreeding

evolution

/ˌiːvəˈluːʃən/

B2
  • noun
  • - the gradual development of organisms over time

fossil

/ˈfɑːsəl/

B2
  • noun
  • - the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

climate

/ˈklaɪmət/

B2
  • noun
  • - the long‑term pattern of weather in an area

carbon

/ˈkɑːrbən/

B2
  • noun
  • - a chemical element (C) that forms the basis of organic life

extreme

/ɪkˈstriːm/

B2
  • adjective
  • - very great in degree or intensity

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