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Welcome to Learning English,

a daily 30 minute program from the Voice of America.

I'm Ashley Thompson.

And I'm Mario Ritter Jr.

This program is designed for English learners.

So we speak a little slower, and we use words and phrases

as specially written for people learning

English.

On today's program,

you will hear stories from John Russell and Jill Robbins.

Later, Bryan Lynn presents this week's Science Report.

We close the show with the lesson of the day

from Jill Robbins and Andrew Smith.

But first.

Camille Stephens Roman recently

sat on the ground and measured small trees

to see how much they had grown in seven months.

She found they had grown 5 to 10cm.

Her team had planted several different kinds of trees known as evergreens.

Two years ago, in an area of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado,

which had burned in a fire in 2020,

Stephen Truman and other researchers

want to learn the relationship between tree

growth and elevation.

Researchers say there are not enough

small trees or seeds from living trees

to replace burned trees, even if there were enough.

They say the U.S.

does not have the workers to plant and care for them.

The Forest Service said

the biggest delays they meet while replanting on public land

are preparing environmental and cultural studies

and preparing burned areas so they are safe to plant.

That can take years.

Stephen Truman said we're in a place of such drastic

climate change that we are not talking about whether or not some of these places

will be a different kind of forest, but whether or not they will be forest at all.

In the past, the U.S.

was able to replant burned forests.

But the researchers say larger, more intense

fires are destroying trees that normally provide seeds.

They say the fires leave burn scars,

so large trees cannot naturally regrow.

Solomon Dabrowski is a University

of Montana forest management expert.

He said more areas in the West need replanting after fires,

then can be replanted.

He said at least 1.5 million

hectares need to be replanted,

but officials are unable to do so.

He said that number could triple by 2050.

Matthew Hertel is a forest ecologist

at the University of New Mexico.

He studied the way scarred forests had been replanted

after a fire in 2011 at Los Conchas.

That fire destroyed huge areas of ponderosa pine trees.

Her tool found

most of the seedlings, or very young trees,

had died from earlier replanting

as a result.

He planted seedlings of different species at several elevations

and on hillsides facing different directions.

Now he is watching carefully

for changes in the soil and water.

Researchers say seedling survival

is less likely at lower elevations.

It is hotter, drier and more open.

There.

Replanting the same trees in

the same areas is likely to fail.

Jason Sayegh is acting supervisor of the Arapaho

and Roosevelt National Forest and Pawnee National Grassland.

He said the Forest Service rules

require planting the same species at the same elevations as before.

A fire.

But, he said it is clear

the agency will need to be flexible moving forward.

For now, that might mean replanting at different

elevations or collecting seeds from another place

over time.

Researchers say it could require planting trees

that are not native to the area.

The idea has been debated,

but is gaining support.

I have seen people go from saying, absolutely,

we cannot move trees around to, well, maybe let's try it at least

and do a few experiments to see if this will work.

Said Stevens.

Remind

environmental groups are working on private land

burned by the Cameron Peak Fire.

They are replanting ponderosa pines

150m higher than where they used to grow,

said Megan Milo, Heath.

Milo Heath is a spokesperson

for the coalition for the powder River watershed.

So far, 84% of trees

planted there last year are still alive.

The Forest Service is modernizing how it grows.

Young trees.

It is also studying ways

to grow more or work with private industry states

and groups like the New Mexico Reforestation Center.

Experts say

trees might never return to some areas,

but it is important that the U.S.

does as much as possible in a thoughtful way.

Trees live for hundreds of years, so we need to be thinking about

what's right as we plant trees today, Hertel said.

I'm Jill Robbins. For.

In the Japanese town of Kuma.

The main road is named Jin Street.

This street is where people from around the world come to visit.

The drink machines at the train station

have images of genes on them.

The roads are painted blue

with the lines at the edges colored pink and white.

The trademark of Kojima jeans seems

with about 40 jeans manufacturers

and stores, including cafes.

The area gets about 100,000 visitors a year.

The Japan National Tourism Organization said

Japanese jeans are often costly,

dark and durable,

although a small part of the global jeans market.

Japanese gin makers have developed a reputation

for quality and attention to detail.

Kojima is where popular brands like Big John are made.

The city now supplies international clothing brands including Gucci.

Emma McLendon of

Saint Johns University in New York,

said that the Japanese industry

has not taken a mass marketing path.

Instead, the gene industry pays careful attention

to creating quality products that collectors might like.

In Kojima jeans, Street is small and uncrowded.

Each company in the area is small,

hiring about 100 people.

What you will find are workers taking pride

in monosaccharide or making things.

The term suggests careful attention to detail.

This idea can be found throughout Japan,

from car makers to the local tofu store.

It's more like making a kimono is the way.

Yoshihiro Okamoto, a dying craftsman at Koji Meyer

based manufacturer Momo Taro Jeans, puts it.

His hands and nails are colored blue.

From putting threads of cotton into a big container

of coloring called dye.

He knows by smell and feel the right state of the indigo

coloring, which he compares to a living thing.

He says it is a 365 days a year job,

as the dye has to be checked and mixed every day.

It's not that easy to get this special color,

Okamoto told The Associated Press recently.

It's my life.

The dark color is so special.

It has earned the name Japan Blue or Tokyo

No Blue, meaning especially concentrated blue.

Jeans made in Kojima are costly.

The jeans can cost from $230 per pair

to $1,400 or more.

Tomas Stella Boyer is founder

of Denim Hunters, an online site for people who like jeans

and the cotton material they are made out of denim.

He says Japanese brands use raw denim

that ages well and lasts a long time.

He pointed to the jeans as part of a movement

known as slow clothing.

The idea is to produce fewer

but higher quality pieces of clothing.

The movement came as a reaction to low cost,

mass produced clothes.

We just make too many clothes, I think, and we need to slow down,

Boyer said from his home near Copenhagen, Denmark.

McLendon said the

Japanese industry is shifting the conversation around jeans

to be about heritage elements, about educating consumers

on historical details as a form of quality.

Mamo Taro Jeans, for example,

come with a lifetime guarantee.

Tears and other problems get fixed at no cost.

Within reason,

Japan Blue Company, which runs Mamo Taro,

a brand that began in 2006, said

yearly sales totaled about $11 million for the latest year.

About 40% of sales come from outside Japan.

Masa Taka Suzuki, president and chief

operating officer at Japan Blue, said

the area has a strong industrial history.

In the past, industry centered around sewing heavy materials,

including military clothes and OB sashes for kimonos,

as well as the cotton and indigo dyeing native to the area.

The jeans are for life.

Suzuki said the jeans slowly change

depending on how they are worn and how the wearer lives.

We want to create a product that is a testament

to a person's life, he said.

I'm John Russell.

Scientists have discovered a small asteroid

that recently moved closer to Earth's orbit.

The object was first observed August 7th

by two astronomers from Spain's

competent university of Madrid.

The asteroid, named 2024

five, is believed to be about ten meters long.

It usually orbits around the sun,

but Earth's gravitational forces recently

pulled the object closer to our planet.

Scientists sometimes

call such objects mini moons.

This is because they behave similarly to the permanent moon

orbiting Earth when they are captured by gravity.

But they are much smaller and only temporarily stay in Earth's orbit.

The American

space agency NASA said in a statement

that 2020 4.5 is not quite a mini moon,

because it will never be fully captured by Earth's gravity.

However, it described the asteroid as an interesting object.

The agency plans to follow or track

with radar equipped telescopes.

NASA noted the traveling asteroid

presented no danger to Earth.

NASA and its international partners

continuously searched the skies for what

scientists call near Earth objects.

Such objects include asteroids and comets

that come within 50,000,000km of Earth's orbit.

The search system, called

Atlas, involves four different telescopes.

Two of the telescopes are based in Hawaii.

Another operates in Chile

and the other sits in South Africa.

NASA explains that Atlas is designed

to search the whole sky several times

each night, looking for a moving object.

2024 PT five was identified

by the Telescope Observing Station

in Sutherland, South Africa.

The discovery was made by two astronomers

from Compliments University of Madrid

Carlos de la Fuente Markus

and Raul de la Fuente Marcos.

They recently described the finding.

The publication Research Notes

of the American Astronomical Society.

The Spanish astronomers said

it appeared 2024 five

is part of a group of Near Earth objects

belonging to the Arjuna asteroid belt.

The objects in this asteroid belt

are believed to be surrounding the path,

followed by the Earth-Moon system.

They wrote.

Such objects are likely more common

than we think, said Richard Binzel, an astronomer

at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and MIT.

He was not involved in the latest research,

Binzel told The Associated Press.

This happens with some frequency, but we rarely see them

because they're very small and very hard to detect.

But he noted that in recent years,

progress in space observation technologies

had made it possible to identify more of these moon like objects.

Binzel added that currently, it is not known

whether the asteroid broke off from a larger asteroid.

He said the space rock might even be a piece of our moon

that got blasted out.

NASA said such an asteroid

could have been created by our moon being struck

by an asteroid a very long time ago.

One of the discovering scientists, Carlos de la Fuente

Marcos, told the AP in an email

that because of its size and brightness,

2024 PT five

can only be seen from Earth with special equipment.

NASA said teams at the agency's

center for near-Earth Object Studies are continually

tracking the movements of 2024, PT five.

The center expects the asteroid to remain at a distance

about nine times farther away from Earth than the moon.

Scientists say

it will remain gravitationally linked to Earth

until November 25th.

NASA plans to use its large Goldstone Solar

System radar observer to follow the asteroid.

The object is set to make another close

pass of Earth in January 2025,

when it should stay about five times the distance between Earth and the moon.

2024 PT five

is then expected to turn away from Earth

as it continues its orbit around the sun.

NASA said after that, the asteroid is not expected

to pass close by Earth until 2055.

I'm Brian Lynn.

Brian Lynn

joins me now to talk more about his science report.

Hi, Brian.

Thanks for being here.

Of course, Ashley, glad to be here.

So this week, you reported on an asteroid

that recently moved closer to Earth's orbit.

And is almost behaving like a second moon for our planet.

We learned from the report this object is expected to stay

gravitationally linked to Earth until late November.

How common is it for these objects to affect Earth?

So it really has not been that common

for such objects to interact with Earth's gravity.

Scientists have identified less than ten of them

during the past ten years that were considered mini moons,

meaning they were completely captured by Earth's orbit.

And as was mentioned in the report, NASA does not consider

the one linked to Earth currently as a mini moon, which ends up

being temporarily, fully captured by Earth's orbit.

But the report also states that many near-Earth objects exist

in our solar system at least 34,000 have already been identified.

And any of these could end up being gravitationally

linked to Earth or turn into mini moons.

And the other reason more of these are being identified today

is because of progress in observational technologies.

All right.

Thanks again for being here, Brian, and thanks for answering that question.

Sure, Ashley, thank you.

Hello.

My name is Anna Matteo.

My name is Jill Robbins.

And I'm Andrew Smith.

You're listening to The Lesson of the day on the Learning English podcast.

Welcome to the part of the show where we help you do more with our series.

Let's learn English.

The series shows Anna Matteo in her work

and life in Washington, D.C..

Anna loves to be outside,

but she is often too busy

at work to enjoy the outdoors.

So in lesson 29 of the series,

she is happy to join her coworker Marcia,

who suggests they try to do some work outside.

Hello.

In Washington, D.C., there are many places that bring history to life,

but people

who live here often do not have time to see them.

They are too busy with work

like me.

Oh. Hi, Marcia.

Hi, Anna.

Have a seat.

Thanks.

This was a good idea.

Working outdoors is nice,

It is.

Oh, I am hired.

Today was a busy day at work,

and I still have work to do.

Oh, that's too bad.

How are you these days?

I'm really busy too, Anna.

Let's get to work.

There are many ways we can talk about being busy.

Notice how Anna uses the preposition

with after the adjective busy.

They are too busy with work.

We can say we are busy with work,

or busy with our jobs, or busy with a project.

But when we describe what we are doing,

we simply use the I ng ending on the verb.

So we can say I'm busy with work,

or we can say I'm busy working.

Here are some other examples.

I'm busy writing my report.

I'm busy these days getting ready for my exam.

These days I'm busy applying for jobs.

And with past participles that are followed by prepositions

such as tired of or worried about,

we can simply follow them with a noun

or with the ING form of the verb, which is called a gerund.

That's spelled g e r unde.

And the gerund works just like a noun.

So we can say, I'm tired of work

or I'm tired of working.

We can say I'm worried about the cost,

or I'm worried about spending that much money.

A bit later, in less than 29,

Anna and Marsha talk about childhood dreams.

They talk about what?

When they were children, they hoped to become in the future as adults.

Let's listen.

In fact, I wanted to be.

Don't laugh.

President of the United States.

Stop!

I know it's a silly childhood dream.

I'm sorry.

It's not silly.

Guess what I want it to be. What?

When I was a kid, I studied the stars and planets.

I wanted to fly into outer space.

You know, Marcia.

Childhood dreams are important.

They are.

And it's good to remember them.

The word dream can be a noun or a verb.

And when it's a verb, it can be followed

by two different prepositions.

We use dream of

to express what we wanted to become when we were young.

And we use the ING gerund

after the preposition of.

So Ana dreamed of becoming president,

and Marcia dreamed of becoming an astronaut.

The other preposition after the verb dream is about.

We use about to express a particular subject of our dreams.

For example, I can say

last night I dreamed about Jill's dog.

I hope she was a good girl.

In your dream.

She was

when we went to express dreams for our future.

We tend to use the preposition about followed by a gerund.

For example, we can say.

Oh, I dream about going to Paris one day.

Oh me too, Andrew.

Or we could say we dream

about finding a new home for our family.

We can also use dreamed about

in the same way as dreamed of

to talk about childhood hopes.

So, Jill, did you dream about becoming

or doing anything in particular when you were young?

I wanted to be an astronaut to.

I cut out all the stories in the paper about the space program.

And I watched live as the first humans walked on the moon.

But then I found out you had to be a man.

And in the military, two things I didn't think were possible at the time.

Well, some of those things have changed.

Yeah.

And now there are women astronauts

who are not necessarily in the military.

Andrew, how about you?

What were your dreams?

I don't think I had any very specific

dreams of what I wanted to be.

But maybe for a few months, I dreamed about becoming a professional

tennis player.

But I think I dreamed more about interesting places to travel.

And now that I think about it, I did dream of going,

to the highest mountain in the world to Mount Everest.

But I do agree with Anna when she says.

You know, Marcia, childhood dreams are important.

And the dreams we have as adults are important as well.

You can tell us about what you dreamed of doing

when you were a child, or about your dreams as an adult.

By writing to us at learning English, at VOA News.com,

or putting your comments under this video on YouTube.

And if

you want another way to practice your English, just do an internet

search of songs with the word dream in the title.

You will probably find more songs

than you could ever listen to.

That's because most of those songs are about love.

And that's a topic for another day.

For now, we hope you've enjoyed today's

lesson of the day on the Learning English podcast.

And you can learn more on our website.

Learning English that VOA newscast comm.

You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram.

Thanks for listening to the lesson of the day on the Learning English podcast.

I'm Jill Robbins.

And I'm Andrew Smith.

And that's our program for today.

Join us again tomorrow to keep learning

English through stories from around the world.

I'm Ashley Thompson.

And I'm Mario Ritter, junior.

Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary	Meanings
replanting /riːˈplɑːntɪŋ/ B2	noun - the act of planting again verb - to plant again
evergreen /ˈɛvərˌɡriːn/ B2	adjective - remaining green all year round noun - a plant that stays green throughout the year
elevation /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃən/ B2	noun - height above sea level
seedling /ˈsiːdlɪŋ/ B2	noun - a young plant, especially one raised from seed
wildfire /ˈwaɪldˌfaɪər/ B2	noun - an uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetation
climate /ˈklaɪmət/ B2	noun - the typical weather conditions of a region over a long period
gravity /ˈɡrævɪti/ B2	noun - the force that attracts objects toward one another
asteroid /ˈæstərɔɪd/ C1	noun - a small rocky body orbiting the Sun
orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/ B2	noun - the curved path of a celestial body around a planet or star verb - to move in an orbit around something
telescope /ˈtɛlɪskoʊp/ B2	noun - an instrument for viewing distant objects
indigo /ˈɪndɪɡoʊ/ B2	noun - a deep blue-purple color adjective - of the color indigo
denim /ˈdɛnɪm/ B2	noun - a sturdy cotton fabric used for jeans
heritage /ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ/ B2	noun - valued objects and traditions that are passed down from previous generations
craftsmanship /ˈkræftsmənʃɪp/ C1	noun - skill and quality in the creation of something
slow /sloʊ/ A2	adjective - moving or operating at a low speed
quality /ˈkwɑːlɪti/ B1	noun - the degree of excellence of something
research /ˈriːsɜːrtʃ/ B2	noun - systematic investigation to establish facts or principles verb - to study or investigate systematically
scientist /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ B1	noun - a person who studies or works in the field of science