– English Lyrics

Lyrics & Translation

[English]

6 Minute English.

From BBC Learning English.

Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. With me in the studio is Neil.

— Hello, Neil. — Hello, Rob.

And in this programme we're talking about tourism,

but in a very special place — Antarctica.

It's considered the last great wilderness on Earth.

'Wilderness' means 'an area with no people and no agriculture

'because of the difficult living conditions'.

Yes, in Antarctica there are only research stations with scientists

and a few tourists.

Well, not so few — about 37,000 tourists are expected there this season.

Many don't go ashore, but there's no denying that it disturbs the environment.

— That many? — Yes.

We're asking if it's fair for tourists 'to set foot' — it means 'to go to' —

such a sensitive environment.

We'll also use some vocabulary related to Antarctica.

By the way, Neil, do you know a lot about the South Pole?

I've been reading that the 'ice caps' —

these are 'the thick layers of ice

'permanently covering a vast area of land in the Arctic and Antarctic' —

are melting, due to global warming.

Yes, and 'global warming' is 'the increase in world temperatures

'due to the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere'.

This gas and some others

have been stopping heat from the Earth escaping into space.

You know what, Rob? I would like to visit Antarctica before it melts too much.

I want to see the penguins. They're very amusing animals!

They are, yes. But penguins aside, what large resource can be found in Antarctica?

That's my question for you today.

Is Antarctica a) The world's largest coal field?

b) The world's largest gold source? c) The world's largest diamond source?

I'm gonna have a guess, cos I don't know, that it's coal, a).

Coal. Right, OK.

Well, as usual, we'll give you the answer at the end of the programme.

Well, I love travelling, but I wonder

how that very sensitive environment in Antarctica is going to be preserved.

That's why BBC reporter Juliet Rix's visit to Antarctica caught my attention.

I bet she's asking the same question as you, Rob.

Yes, she is. Listen to what she has to say about the need

to have some level of tourism in the Antarctic.

What word does she use to describe people who defend a cause —

in this case, the preservation of the region?

I'm all too aware that this is not my habitat.

Like a scuba diver under the sea, I'm an alien visitor in the penguins' world.

Which makes me wonder, should I be here at all?

Am I, just by setting foot on this extraordinary continent,

polluting the last great wilderness on Earth?

All visitors leave a footprint, admits my tour leader.

And we all go to the same places, the accessible coastline,

which is also where the penguins and seals go to breed.

Nonetheless, he argues,

carefully controlled, tourism is not just OK but useful.

Without a native population of its own, Antarctica needs advocates.

And tourism creates a global constituency

of people ready to support, and indeed fund, its preservation.

Not everyone is convinced that the benefits outweigh the risks,

but most are pragmatic.

The reporter uses the word 'advocates' —

that's what we call 'people who defend a cause or an idea'.

Juliet Rix's tour guide told her it's good that some people go to Antarctica

and then, when they go back to their countries, they defend conservation

and give money to organisations which work for the preservation of the environment.

Some people might not agree because, if there are some companies making profit,

it might be difficult to prevent an increase in tourism to Antarctica.

And what control do they have over the tourists?

Juliet Rix tells us about the instructions given to her group,

when they approached Antarctica.

She says that tourists must clean their clothes with a vacuum cleaner,

before they leave the ship to go on land. But why?

We're given a mandatory briefing before gathering for a “vacuum party”.

We bio secure ourselves,

hoovering our clothes and kit and disinfecting our boots,

to ensure we introduce no alien species to Antarctica.

There's no eating or smoking on land, and we're instructed to take nothing away,

except photographs, and leave nothing behind,

not even a bit of yellow snow, so don't drink too much at breakfast!

The BBC reporter tells us that the group of tourists has to disinfect their boots.

'Disinfect' means 'to clean something using chemicals'

or, in this case, vacuum to kill or remove bacteria.

This is to avoid the risk of contaminating the region.

And to go to the toilet before leaving the ship. The ice is not your toilet!

No, it isn't. The penguins have exclusive rights on that!

But what do you think about visiting Antarctica, Rob?

Are you keen on paying the penguins a visit?

Absolutely, I would love to go there. How about you, Neil?

Yeah. I'd like to go because, as I said, it's all about the penguins.

Well, let's stop dreaming about exotic trips

and go back to the question I asked you earlier in the programme —

what large resource can be found in Antarctica?

Is it the world's largest coal field?

The world's largest gold source or the world's largest diamond source?

And I said coal.

And you are indeed correct. Well done!

And now, no-one's able to mine the coal, because the Antarctic Treaty

has banned the exploitation of resources for 50 years.

What happens after that, who knows?

Anyway, we're running out of time,

so let's remember some of the words we said today, Neil.

The words were wilderness,

to set foot,

ice caps,

global warming,

advocates,

to disinfect.

Thank you.

Well, that's it for today.

Go to BBC Learning English dot com to find more 6 Minute English programmes.

— Until next time, goodbye! — Bye!

6 Minute English.

From BBC Learning English.

Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice.

And I'm Neil.

So, Neil, what's the best holiday you've ever had?

Ooh, that would be scuba diving

on the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia.

— Ooh! — It was awesome!

I saw sharks, sea turtles, manta rays.

I certainly don't like the idea of coming nose to nose with a shark!

But then diving isn't really my thing.

I'm more into cultural holidays —

you know, visiting the ruins of ancient civilisations.

That's very worthy, Alice.

But tourists are actually damaging

a number of important sites around the world —

tramping around, dropping litter, scribbling graffiti everywhere.

I would never drop litter or scribble graffiti!

Well, we're talking about world heritage sites today,

which are places UNESCO considers to be at risk

from various threats and in need of protection.

'Heritage' means 'the things a society considers important

'to its history and culture', for example, art, buildings,

or natural sites such as the Grand Canyon in the United States.

Mm, and the environment poses a number of different threats.

So, Neil, can you tell me which sea creature

is a potential threat to the Great Barrier Reef's ecosystem?

Is it a) Starfish?

b) Jellyfish? Or c) Cuttlefish?

Hm, I will go for b) Jellyfish.

I'm no expert on marine life,

but I have eaten jellyfish and I haven't eaten the other ones.

Oh, I see. Well, we'll find out later on if you're an expert or not.

But let's listen now to BBC reporter Roger Harrabin

talking about other types of threat to heritage sites.

See how many you can spot!

The most precious wonders of the natural world — Australia's Great Barrier Reef,

America's spectacular Grand Canyon,

the Barrier Reef of Belize in South America, second biggest on Earth —

all facing threats from humans.

The Great Barrier Reef is attracting urgent concern.

There's a huge battle over mining and port development.

A giant coalmine has just been given the go-ahead by the Queensland government,

even though scientists warn it may damage the Reef.

That's the BBC's Roger Harrabin.

Well, I spotted a couple of threats to heritage sites there —

mining and port development.

Now, any type of industrial activity can harm them by, for example,

encroaching on the natural habitat of animals and plants living there,

or by polluting the water that flows into the site.

Mm. 'Mining' is 'the process of extracting coal or other minerals from the ground',

and if you 'encroach on something', it means you 'move beyond acceptable limits'.

The interesting thing is that world heritage sites

only constitute 0.5% of the Earth's surface —

so why can't people do their mining and industrial development

on the remaining 99.5%?!

But there's one human industry

that can actually be beneficial for precious sites — tourism.

But you said earlier that tourism was bad for heritage sites.

I know. And I was right, up to a point.

World heritage sites are some of tourism's main attractions,

and more and more people are visiting them.

So it's all about getting the balance right

between generating money to maintain and restore the sites

and minimising the impact of tourist activities.

— Mm, such as littering and graffiti. — Exactly.

And the term for this is 'sustainable tourism' —

or 'tourism designed to have a low impact on the local culture and the environment,

'while generating employment for local people'.

So UNESCO is working to direct governments, site managers and visitors

towards sustainable tourism practices

in order to keep our world's natural and cultural heritage

safe for future generations.

Wow, you can really talk the talk, Alice. You should work for UNESCO!

OK, let's move on now, and listen to Paul Crocombe,

of the Snorkelling and Diving Company in Townsville, Queensland, Australia,

giving his view on how the Great Barrier Reef

will cope with threats to its survival.

The Reef's fairly dynamic, it's been through a couple of Ice Ages,

and is still here, so its resilience will ensure

that the Reef is still here in years to come.

But the species diversity and the, the visual aesthetics of the Reef

may change quite considerably, especially if we get an increase in sea temperature,

an increase in carbon dioxide in the water, and things like that.

Paul Crocombe describes the Reef as 'dynamic' and 'resilient'.

'Dynamic' means 'active or capable of changing'

and 'resilience' means 'the ability to recover or adapt to change' —

which all sounds good.

But Paul also says that the 'species diversity' —

'the range of plants and animals' — may change.

For example, a rise in sea temperature

would cause a rise in carbon dioxide levels —

and this could have a big impact on both the species diversity

and the Reef's 'visual aesthetic' — or 'the way it looks'.

OK, I think it's time now for the answer to today's quiz question, Alice.

Yes, I think so too.

OK, so, I asked you which sea creature

poses a potential threat to the Great Barrier Reef's ecosystem?

Is it a type of a) Starfish?

b) Jellyfish? Or c) Cuttlefish?

And I said b) Jellyfish.

Mm, and you got stung, I'm afraid, Neil!

— Ow! — Mm.

The answer is starfish.

The crown-of-thorns starfish preys on coral

and large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs.

Now, can you remind us of some of today's vocabulary, Neil?

Sure.

Heritage,

encroach on something,

sustainable tourism,

dynamic,

resilience,

species diversity,

visual aesthetic.

Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English.

Don't forget to join us again soon!

— Bye! — Goodbye!

6 Minute English.

From BBC Learning English.

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

And I'm Beth.

Nowadays, the word 'safari' is often used negatively.

For many people, the idea of killing animals for sport is unacceptable.

As the popularity of hunting declines,

safaris are swapping their guns for cameras,

offering tourists the chance to photograph wild animals in their natural habitat.

In recent years, nature and wildlife tourism, also called 'ecotourism',

has grown massively.

But the story is complex.

While money from ecotourism is supposed to support threatened wildlife

and traditional local cultures, the reality is sometimes different.

In this programme, we'll be asking is ecotourism good or bad?

And, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

But first, I have a question for you, Beth.

Most tourists on safari are looking for 'the big five',

the name given to Africa's most iconic large animals.

But which animals are 'the big five'?

a) The lion, leopard, giraffe, baboon and buffalo?

b) The lion, leopard, tiger, elephant and buffalo?

Or c) The lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant and buffalo?

I guess it's a) The lion, leopard, giraffe, baboon and buffalo.

I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme.

The balance between the good and bad things ecotourism can bring

is well understood by Vicky Smith, whose website, Earth Changers,

matches ecotourists with environmentally-friendly travel companies.

Here's Vicky talking with BBC Radio 4 programme Costing the Earth.

Just because tourism is nature-based,

it doesn't mean to say it's necessarily responsible or sustainable.

So, there's a lot of animal activities in tourism that we know which are, you know,

highly irresponsible and unsustainable, like performing whale and dolphin shows,

or swimming with dolphins, elephant-riding,

tiger selfies where the tigers are drugged.

Genuine ecotourism is 'sustainable' —

'designed to continue at a steady level which does not damage the environment'.

Not every travel company which calls themselves eco-friendly acts sustainably,

and may still advertise irresponsible tourist activities,

including 'tiger selfies' — 'having your photo taken with a captive wild tiger'.

There are two requirements travel companies should meet

to qualify as genuine ecotourism.

First, tourists' main motivation

should be to appreciate and observe the natural world without interfering,

and second, the money they spend should support traditional communities.

Clearly, having your photograph taken with a chained and drugged tiger

does not meet these requirements.

But not all companies claiming to be ecotourism behave so irresponsibly.

According to Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent, who runs small-scale wildlife expeditions

to some of the most remote places on Earth,

it's possible to put travel companies on a sliding scale from good to bad.

On BBC Radio 4's programme Costing the Earth,

Antonia discussed her work in Tajikistan, a country where ecotourism

is making a positive impact on both animal and human communities.

At the other end of the scale is Tajikistan, where I work a lot,

which gets less than two dozen wildlife tourists a year,

and the money these visitors bring

is essential to the conservation work that grassroots NGOs are doing.

So those few tourists, their money goes a very long way

and the animals people are looking at — snow leopards,

rare mountain ungulates like Bukharan markhor —

they are being observed from a distance,

their behaviour is not being affected in any way,

and the local communities are genuinely benefiting.

Antonia uses the phrase 'at the other end of the scale'

as a way of contrasting irresponsible tourist companies

with what's happening in Tajikistan.

There, animals including snow leopards and mountain ungulates,

are being protected by ecotourist projects

run by 'non-governmental organisations' or 'NGOs' —

'organisations trying to achieve environmental or social aims,

'outside of government control'.

These NGOs are 'grassroots' organisations meaning that they are

'run from the bottom up, by ordinary people rather than leaders'.

Despite getting very few ecotourists a year,

the money they spend in Tajikistan 'goes a long way'.

In other words, 'the money is an important factor in achieving their goals',

which in Tajikistan at least, means protecting rare wild animals.

OK, it's time to reveal the answer to my question.

You asked me about 'the big five', the name for Africa's iconic safari animals.

I guessed they were the lion, leopard, giraffe, baboon and buffalo.

You guessed right about the lion, leopard, and buffalo,

but the others were the rhinoceros and the elephant.

OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned

from this programme about 'ecotourism' —

'travel to places of natural beauty where the tourists' motivation

'is to appreciate nature and support the local culture'.

The adjective 'sustainable'

describes 'actions designed to continue at a steady level,

'so as not to damage the environment'.

A 'tiger selfie' means 'having your photo taken with a captive wild tiger',

not something to be advised!

The phrase 'at the other end of the scale'

is similar in meaning to the phrase, 'by contrast'.

A 'grassroots NGO' is 'a non-governmental organisation

'which tries to achieve its aims

'through the actions of local, ordinary people rather than leaders'.

And finally, if something 'goes a long way' towards a certain goal,

it's 'an important factor' in achieving that goal.

Once again, our six minutes are up.

— Goodbye for now! — Bye!

6 Minute English.

From BBC Learning English.

Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice.

And I'm Neil. Did you have a good weekend, Alice?

Yes, but it 'flew by' — which means it 'went quickly' —

and here we are again, back at work!

Ah, I know what you mean.

Though I must say, time really 'dragged' for me — and that means it 'went slowly'.

— I was on a train, which broke down. — Oh, dear!

And it felt like it took forever to arrive,

though actually it was only delayed by one hour.

Well, today we're talking about our 'perception' of —

or 'the way we see' — time.

It's true that when we're busy doing lots of things, time flies by.

And when we're bored or have nothing to do, it drags.

And I didn't have anything to do on the train.

Do you think time flows at the same rate for everyone, even animals?

My cat doesn't get bored doing nothing all day.

I wonder if time drags for her sometimes?

Good question!

Did you know, Neil, that, according to a new study,

smaller animals perceive time as if it is passing in slow motion?

That sounds weird.

Do you think they hear us like this, taaalking slowwwly?

Don't be silly, Neil!

What I meant was that small animals such as insects and small birds

can observe more detail in a certain period of time —

for example, a second — than larger animals.

And how does this help them, exactly?

It sounds like the day would really drag

if every second got stretched out like that!

It helps them by giving them time to escape larger predators.

Now, I have a question for you, Neil.

Can you tell me roughly how much more quickly

a fly's eye can react than a human eye?

Is it a) Twice as quickly? b) Four times as quickly? Or c) Ten times as quickly?

Well, I'll go for c) Ten times.

Flies are pretty 'nippy' — and that's another word for 'quick'.

Yes. Well, we'll find out later on if you got the answer right or not.

Now, small animals can typically process more visual information than we can.

But in a dangerous situation,

our brains can work in overdrive to process information more quickly.

And 'overdrive' means 'a state of extreme activity'.

Let's listen to Raza Rumi, a writer and broadcaster in Pakistan,

talking about the unusual way his brain worked

when gunmen opened fire on him in his car.

It lasted for a few minutes,

but to me that particular incident feels like it was for hours.

I think my brain was working in a very strange way.

Parallel and multiple thoughts

and streams of consciousness were sort of running along —

"I have to save my head, because if I get a bullet in my brain, I'm dead.'

And at the same time, "Was it all worth it?"

And, "Alas, what a short life it was, it was lovely."

I was petrified that I am going to die.

Raza Rumi there.

So, he was 'petrified' by the attack — which means 'extremely frightened'.

As a result, his brain started working in a strange way.

He was thinking and feeling lots of different things at the same time.

That's right, he remembers thinking practical thoughts,

like, "I have to save my head".

But 'in parallel' — or 'at the same time' —

he also remembers having philosophical thoughts,

such as, "What a short life it was, it was lovely".

Mm. Have you ever been in a dangerous situation

where your brain went into overdrive?

Yeah, I was ten years old and I fell backwards out of a big tree in our garden.

— Oh, no! — Yeah.

I have a vivid memory of the sun flashing above me,

and the clouds moving across the sky and the leaves rustling in the tree above me.

My mum was screaming through the kitchen window as she saw me fall.

I experienced so much in the space of just a few seconds,

just like Raza Rumi describes.

Yes. A 'vivid' memory, by the way, is 'clear and detailed'.

Oh, poor Neil! Did you hurt yourself?

Some big bruises, but no broken bones.

Glad to hear it!

Now, it's a strange trick of memory that, in a scary situation,

your brain starts to record everything in great detail

and the more memory you have of an event, the longer you believe it took.

This idea explains why children often feel that time is passing slowly,

because their experiences are new, and they are creating lots of new memories.

Whereas boring grown-ups like us are following routines

that don't require new memories, because they're so familiar.

But let's listen to Claudia Hammond, author of Time Warped,

talking about how we can stretch time and make our days feel longer — in a good way!

If you can spend your weekend filling it with loads of new different activities,

it'll go fast, at the time, because you're having fun.

But when you look back, say, on Sunday night,

and you've got to go to work next day,

it will feel as if your weekend was long, because you filled it with new memories.

We should do that this weekend, Neil. What do you think?

Definitely. I'm going to buzz around like a fly, creating loads of new memories.

Now, are you ready for the answer to today's quiz question?

I asked roughly how much more quickly a fly's eye can react than a human eye?

Is it a) Twice as quickly? b) Four times as quickly? Or c) Ten times as quickly?

And I said c) Ten times as quickly.

The correct answer is b) Four times as quickly.

Flies have eyes that send updates to the brain

at much higher frequencies than our eyes,

because they can process the information more quickly.

This speed illustrates the impressive capabilities

of even the smallest animal brains.

Well, before we buzz off, perhaps we should hear the words we learned today.

They are flew by,

dragged,

perception,

nippy,

overdrive,

petrified,

in parallel.

Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Remember to join us again soon!

— Goodbye! — Bye!

6 Minute English.

From BBC Learning English.

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

And I'm Georgie.

Now, if I told you I'd been for a walk to see Big Ben and Buckingham Palace,

you'd know straight away I was in London.

But what if my walk went past cafes selling mozzarella and ricotta

where I smelled freshly made cannolis and focaccia. Where would I be then?

Focaccia and mozzarella, well, you'd be in Italy, right?

Yes, Italy, or 'Little Italy', to be exact —

'the neighbourhood in some cities

'where Italian communities settled and made their home'.

These Italian arrivals opened shops and cafes,

selling food to their own communities.

Soon, dishes like spaghetti and meatballs attracted the attention of local people,

and gradually Italian food became famous around the world.

In this programme, we'll be taking a walk through two Little Italys,

one in Argentina, the other in New York,

and, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

But before that, I have a question for you, Georgie.

According to a recent YouGov poll,

which Italian food is most popular with British diners?

Is it a) Pizza? b) Lasagne? Or c) Garlic bread?

I think it must be pizza.

OK, Georgie, I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme.

One country Italians moved to was Argentina.

In 1898, Giuseppe Banchero arrived in the neighbourhood of La Boca,

the Little Italy of Buenos Aires,

where many Italian immigrants started restaurants.

Here, Hugo Banchero, grandson of Giuseppe, tells his story to Veronica Smink,

reporter for BBC World Service programme The Food Chain.

Well, my grandfather came from Italy, from Genoa, from Liguria.

He was born in the centre of Genoa

and arrived here in 1898, at the age of seven and a half,

and this pizzeria where we are was founded on March 28, 1972.

We have been here for 91 years.

So what culinary traditions did they bring with them?

Well, our culinary tradition is pizzeria,

and we incorporated the faina from Genoa,

which is a pizza with chickpea flour.

In 1898, Giuseppe founded his 'pizzeria' — 'a restaurant selling pizza'.

When a business is 'founded',

it's 'established' — someone 'starts it up' or 'sets it up'.

Giuseppe brought the culinary traditions

from his home in Liguria in northern Italy,

including regional pizzas like faina and fugazzeta.

The adjective 'culinary' describes 'anything connected with cooking'.

But probably the best-known Little Italy in the world

is an area of Manhattan's Lower East side in New York.

90% of Italian immigrants who arrived in the US at the turn of the century

came through this neighbourhood.

Di Palo's, one of the original shops selling Italian food in Little Italy,

has been serving customers for 113 years.

Here, Lou Di Palo, co-owner

and great-grandson of the original owner, Salvino,

explains more about his family history

to BBC World Service programme The Food Chain.

1925, when my grandmother, Concetta, and my grandfather, Luigi, got married,

they open their own shop.

It's the shop we continue today,

being the fourth generation working alongside my sister, Maria,

and my brother, Sal, and our children, the fifth generation.

Our business has expanded,

expanded to represent the full food culture of the 20 regions of Italy.

Little Italy is the stepping stone of the Italian immigrant.

This is where many of the Italians first came through Ellis Island,

and then settled here, and then eventually moved into mainstream America,

throughout the rest of the country.

Lou Di Palo is the fourth generation of his family to run the shop,

and his children will be the fifth.

Phrases like 'fourth or fifth generation' describe 'the children of people

'whose parents immigrated to a particular country'.

After arriving in New York,

many Italian immigrants moved on to start successful new lives elsewhere.

That's why Lou calls Little Italy 'a stepping stone',

'an experience that helps you achieve something else',

like a real stepping stone helps you cross a river.

As a result, Italian newcomers became accepted in mainstream America,

'mainstream' meaning 'the culture and customs

'viewed as normal by most Americans'.

It seems we owe a lot to Little Italy.

But we still don't know which food is most popular here in the UK.

Isn't it time to reveal the answer to your question, Neil?

Right. I asked you which Italian food

is most popular in Britain and you said pizza, which would be my guess too,

but is the wrong answer, I'm afraid!

In fact, the top choice for Italian food fans here in the UK is garlic bread.

Right, let's recap the vocabulary

we've learned from this programme on Little Italy,

starting with 'pizzeria' — 'a restaurant that sells pizza'.

If something is 'founded', it's 'started or established'.

The adjective 'culinary' describes 'anything connected with cooking'.

Phrases like 'fourth or fifth generation' describe 'the children of people

'whose parents immigrated to a particular country'.

A 'stepping stone'

is 'an event or experience that helps you advance or achieve something new'.

And finally, the adjective 'mainstream'

describes 'the customs and culture

'which are accepted as normal by most people in a society'.

Once again our six minutes are up.

Until the next time, here at 6 Minute English, it's ciao!

Ciao!

6 Minute English.

From BBC Learning English.

Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary	Meanings
wilderness /ˈwɪldənəs/ B2	noun - a natural area where there are few or no human inhabitants; uncultivated land
tourism /ˈtʊrɪzəm/ B1	noun - the business of providing services for people who travel for pleasure
Antarctica /ˌæntɑːrˈktɪkə/ A2	noun - the southernmost continent, largely covered in ice
advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ C1	verb - to publicly support or argue in favor of something noun - a person who publicly supports or recommends a cause or policy
disinfect /ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt/ B2	verb - to clean something, especially to destroy germs by using chemicals
sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbəl/ B2	adjective - able to be maintained at a certain level without harming the environment
encroach /ɛnˈkroʊtʃ/ C1	verb - to intrude or gradually advance beyond proper limits
heritage /ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ/ B2	noun - the cultural, historical, or natural assets that are inherited from past generations
conservation /ˌkɒnsərˈveɪʃən/ B2	noun - the protection and careful management of the environment and natural resources
carbon dioxide /ˈkɑːrbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ B1	noun - a colorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic matter; a greenhouse gas
melting /ˈmɛltɪŋ/ B1	verb - to become liquid as a result of heat
global warming /ˈɡləʊbəl ˈwɔːrmɪŋ/ B2	noun - the long‑term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system
pristine /ˈprɪstiːn/ C1	adjective - in its original condition; unspoiled, immaculate
biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsɪti/ C1	noun - the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
expedition /ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃən/ B2	noun - a journey undertaken for a specific purpose, especially scientific research
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ B2	noun - the natural environment in which a species lives
endemic /enˈdɛmɪk/ C1	adjective - native and restricted to a certain place