Hi everybody. Welcome again to Right to
00:01
the Top. I'm Adam. So in my last video,
00:03
I wanted to talk to you about nouns and
00:06
their forms and functions. How they
00:08
look, how they're used. So I started
00:10
with forms. Today I'm going to look at
00:13
their functions. And I may have
00:14
overloaded you with information last
00:17
time. I think that today still a lot of
00:19
good, useful information, but a little
00:21
bit more straightforward. Some of this
00:23
stuff I think you already know. So let's
00:25
just jump right into it. What do nouns
00:27
actually do in a sentence? So, the first
00:30
thing we're going to look at is the
00:33
subject. The first function, subject.
00:34
There are two types of subjects or the
00:37
two reasons for a subject to exist. One
00:40
is to act as the agent of an action. So,
00:44
of course, we're using this type of
00:47
subject with an action verb, right? So
00:50
the agent, the person, place or thing is
00:53
doing the action in the sentence. So the
00:56
police officer arrested the suspect. The
01:00
police officer, this is the compound
01:02
noun. The whole thing is working as a
01:05
subject. Arrested. A time travel machine
01:07
allows people to do stuff, right? So
01:11
even though it's a machine, there's one,
01:13
two, three nouns in it. A machine can do
01:16
things. A place can do things. the city
01:19
hosted the event. Obviously, people can
01:22
do things as well, right? So, these are
01:25
all the noun subjects. And again, you
01:27
can use the different forms we looked at
01:29
in the last video. You can use
01:31
compounds, you can use noun groups, noun
01:33
phrases, with possessives, with
01:36
prepositions, so on and so forth.
01:38
Another function of subjects is to be
01:41
the focus of the discussion.
01:44
Essentially, what is the sentence about?
01:46
In this case, we're not using action
01:49
verbs. We're using linking verbs.
01:51
Particularly, we're using the B verb
01:54
plus other linking verbs. So, for
01:56
example, only one of the students. So,
01:59
here I have a whole noun group with a
02:02
prepositional phrase. One is the actual
02:04
head noun. That's your subject was
02:08
prepared. So was ex telling you
02:11
something about the students that
02:15
student he or she was prepared for the
02:17
class. My mother-in-law again with a
02:20
combination with a possessive adjective
02:23
compound hyphenated compound noun seems
02:26
upset with me. Seems is not an action.
02:29
Nothing is actually happening in the
02:32
sentence. It's just my feeling or my
02:34
idea that she's upset. So upset is
02:37
telling you something about the subject
02:40
which is a compound noun. Okay. So now
02:41
we're going to look at the function of
02:45
object and we're going to use an object
02:47
in three different ways when we're
02:49
talking about nouns. An object, as you
02:51
may know, answers the question what or
02:53
whom about the action verb. Okay? So
02:56
we're going to get into that in a
03:00
second. The first object we're going to
03:01
look at is the object of a clause. We
03:03
looked at the subject. Now we're looking
03:06
at the object. The object can be a
03:07
direct or an indirect or or and or an
03:10
indirect object. Direct what whom?
03:14
Indirect to or for what or whom. Okay.
03:17
But that we'll talk about that more in
03:20
the clause course. Contrary to popular
03:22
belief, goldfish have what? Memories
03:25
that can last for months. So memories
03:29
tells you something about the verb have.
03:32
If you want a break, if you want what? A
03:36
break for a drink. So the object is
03:38
actually a break for a drink. We call
03:41
this an object complement, which I'm
03:45
going to talk about in a second. Raise
03:46
what? Your hand. Secure what? Your
03:49
paper. Grab what? A drink. So all of
03:51
these noun objects are telling you
03:53
something about the action verb that
03:56
came before it.
03:58
Please give Tim my best. Please give to
04:00
whom? Tim. Indirect object. Give what?
04:03
My best. Notice that best here is being
04:07
used as a noun. So give someone my best.
04:11
This is a fixed expression. My best
04:13
wishes, my best thoughts, my prayers,
04:15
whatever you want to uh consider your
04:18
best. Okay? So that's the object of a
04:20
clause. We can also have objects of
04:23
prepositions.
04:25
So the key to remember here is that
04:27
you're still answering what or whom
04:29
about the preposition only. A piece of
04:31
what cake on what the shelf by what t
04:34
the taxi through what that door. So all
04:38
of these examples are telling you are
04:41
something or answering the question what
04:44
about the preposition. What's very
04:46
important to remember is that the entire
04:49
phrase, the entire prepositional phrase
04:52
may have a different role to play in the
04:55
sentence or in the clause. So, by taxi
04:57
is probably going to be used as an
05:00
adverb. I went by taxi. I went how by
05:02
taxi. So, taxi doesn't have anything to
05:08
do with the verb went. It's only the
05:11
object of the preposition that came
05:13
before it. So that's very important to
05:15
remember. So that's object of
05:17
preposition. And last we have object of
05:19
a gerant. Now remember a gerant can be
05:21
used like a noun but it actually is not
05:25
a noun. It's actually still a verb.
05:29
That's why it can take a preposition. So
05:31
gerands that are ing forms of a an
05:34
action verb, a transitive action verb.
05:38
Transitive verbs can take objects.
05:40
Jirens that are transitive can take an
05:43
object. So running what? A business
05:46
properly requires overseeing whom?
05:49
Several people working in a variety of
05:52
uh positions. Now the problem with ing
05:55
words is that they could be jirens that
05:59
used like nouns. They could be part of a
06:02
verb, a continuous verb. They could be
06:04
adjective participles. They could be
06:06
adverb participles. So they're very
06:08
confusing. In this case, working is not
06:10
a gerand or a verb here. It's an
06:12
adjective participle. Okay? Several
06:15
people who work or who are working in
06:18
and it's just reduced into a participle.
06:22
I will talk about participles in the
06:24
adjective chapter of this course. So,
06:26
don't worry about that. I feel like
06:29
playing what? Golf. But the weather is
06:31
looking rough. Is looking continuous
06:35
verb. not gerand. Okay. So, so far we
06:38
have our objects. Now we have our object
06:43
complement. Complement means to complete
06:46
the meaning of. So sometimes we'll have
06:50
object especially noun object and the
06:53
sentence will or the clause will look
06:56
like it's complete. I'll have a subject
06:58
verb object and yet something is missing
07:00
by itself. The sentence doesn't work.
07:03
Okay. I need some more information. So
07:05
let's look at a couple examples. They
07:08
appointed Jennifer. Subject verb object.
07:10
Now when you appoint someone, you always
07:15
appoint them to a certain position or
07:17
place, right? So something is missing
07:20
here. I need more information to
07:22
complete this object. They appointed
07:24
Jennifer staff supervisor.
07:27
Compound noun. Two nouns here. So they
07:30
appointed Jennifer to do what? to be the
07:33
staff supervisor. So now this all works
07:36
together. Jennifer and the compliment
07:39
work together. The object to appointed.
07:42
Some consider this decision. Subject
07:45
verb object
07:48
consider it what? A mistake. So although
07:51
the mistake goes with their idea, their
07:54
consideration, it actually connects to
07:57
the decision. it completes the meaning
07:59
of the object and the whole thing
08:01
together works as the object for the
08:03
verb. Okay, so that could be a little
08:06
bit tricky but we'll we'll look more
08:08
deeply at these when we talk about
08:11
clauses and subjects and objects etc.
08:14
Okay, but just so you know before I go
08:17
on, object complements don't have to be
08:20
nouns. You can have adjectives, you can
08:22
have adverbs, right? Some students found
08:25
the class difficult. What did they think
08:27
about the class? It was difficult. Some
08:30
students the fa found the assignment a
08:32
difficult chore. So, I can make a
08:34
combination with an adjective and a
08:37
noun. So, you can have all kinds of
08:38
different object compliments, but again,
08:40
I'll talk about those a little bit
08:42
later.
08:44
Let's move on to subject complements.
08:45
Subject complements look like objects
08:48
except that we're using them with
08:51
linking verbs with B verbs and other
08:53
linking verbs and they connect to back
08:55
to the subject not the verb. Okay. So if
08:57
I say let's talk about first with B
09:01
verbs. Russia is a huge country. A huge
09:03
country also answers the question what
09:07
in this case but it's not about is it's
09:09
about Russia right? It helps me get more
09:12
information about my subject. It
09:15
completes the meaning of the subject.
09:18
Jack is Sonia's boyfriend. The keys are
09:21
in the drawer. So, we can have different
09:24
combinations, adjective, noun. We can
09:26
have possessive noun with other noun. We
09:28
can have a prepositional phrase in the
09:32
drawer. Again, uh I have a noun used as
09:35
an object to in, but the whole phrase is
09:39
used as an adverb telling me something
09:42
about the keys, not about the verb are.
09:44
Let's look at a couple other ones. Other
09:48
linking verbs, and I'll talk about
09:50
linking verbs in the verbs course. She
09:51
became a doctor. She became nothing
09:54
actually happened. It was a process that
09:58
changed. She was not a doctor. She now
10:02
is a doctor. She became a doctor, right?
10:05
So nothing's happening here. So a doctor
10:07
tells me something about her, about she.
10:09
This soup tastes like heaven. Remember,
10:13
soup is a thing. It's an inanimate
10:16
object. It can't taste anything. People
10:18
can taste things, but soup can have a
10:21
taste. So it tastes like heaven.
10:24
Please remain in your seats. Remain.
10:28
You're not actually doing anything.
10:30
You're just not doing anything. You
10:31
remain as you were. This is a linking
10:33
verb in your seats. Please, what's the
10:35
subject? You don't forget about that
10:39
kind of subject. Next, we have
10:42
adjectives. Now, in the previous video,
10:44
I told you about compound adjectives
10:46
where the first noun is working like an
10:48
adjective to the second noun. So, that's
10:50
what we have here. Doesn't matter how
10:52
many nouns you have, one is working as
10:54
an adjective to the next. So, concrete
10:56
steps. concrete noun describing the type
10:59
of steps the company's going to take.
11:02
Credit card debt. Credit tells you what
11:05
kind of card. Credit card tells you what
11:08
kind of debt. So nouns modifying the
11:11
next nouns and together modifying the
11:15
next noun and so on and so forth. Then
11:17
you have just regular modifiers. They're
11:20
not compounds because they can be
11:22
changed. So, a car engine as opposed to
11:24
a plane engine, a bus engine, uh, like
11:27
electric engine or combustion engine,
11:32
all kinds of different engines, a tennis
11:34
player, hockey player, basketball
11:36
player, baseball player, a 5 lb bag, a
11:38
10 lb bag, whatever. So, we can use the
11:40
nouns as the case is required to
11:42
describe the next noun that's coming.
11:45
Now, one thing you have to be a little
11:48
bit careful with an inferred noun. What
11:49
do I mean by this? Basically, sometimes
11:53
you have adjectives and nouns, but as
11:55
you go on in the sentence or the next
11:59
sentence, whatever, that noun is no
12:01
longer necessary. It's understood. So,
12:04
you're left only with the adjective and
12:07
you're using that adjective like a noun.
12:09
Right? So, the answer is varied among
12:11
the respondents. So, we're talking about
12:14
the respondents
12:15
with some affirming and some opposing.
12:17
some some respondents. But I understood
12:21
that so I don't need to say it. So now
12:25
some is being used like a noun in this
12:27
sentence. I'll talk more about this when
12:29
I get into the adjectives chapter.
12:31
And aositive, this is the next function.
12:35
So what is an apositive? An aositive is
12:38
something that is used to explain,
12:40
identify, provide examples of or rename
12:41
a noun that came before it.
12:44
Usually, you'll see it between commas,
12:47
not always. And I'll show you more
12:50
examples of that later. My best friend,
12:52
a doctor, set me up on a date with
12:55
Patricia, his nurse. So, these are just
12:58
regular nouns, are telling you something
13:03
about the friend and something about
13:05
Patricia. One way to think about it is a
13:06
reduced clause. my best friend who is a
13:09
doctor. Take out the who and is because
13:13
subject and relative sub subject and B
13:16
verb you can take out. I'll talk more
13:20
about that in the clause course. But in
13:22
this case, think of it just as a further
13:25
explanation. The this is the peak season
13:29
for the spread of influenza or the flu.
13:31
So here what I'm doing is I'm renaming
13:34
this word, this noun. Instead of saying
13:37
influenza every time, I'm just going to
13:40
say the flu from now on and then I
13:41
continue on with my sentence. There are
13:44
other types of aositives such as that is
13:46
also known as all kinds of different
13:50
aositives and these will come up as we
13:52
go along. Nouns can function as adverbs.
13:55
When we're talking about time, distance,
13:59
location, or measurement, let's meet
14:01
Sunday. When Sunday, Sunday is a noun. I
14:04
usually walk where? Home. The school is
14:07
where miles away. All of these are
14:11
nouns. All of these are being used as
14:13
adverbs.
14:16
And one oh no, sorry, two more to go.
14:18
Okay. So, we we can nominalize
14:21
nominalize verbs and adjectives. So,
14:24
some words are naturally used as verbs
14:27
or adjectives, but we can convert them
14:30
into nouns. So to decide we make the
14:33
noun form decision to grow, growth,
14:36
happy, happiness. So sometimes we just
14:39
use nouns only because we want the noun
14:42
form in this particular situation where
14:44
the verb just doesn't work for whatever
14:47
reason. When we get into the writing
14:49
courses, we'll see how to make that
14:51
choice. This is available to you with
14:53
many verbs. So keep that in mind. And
14:56
finally, we use nouns in combination
14:58
with certain verbs like these utility
15:02
verbs have, take, go for, give, do,
15:04
make. We use them in combination to
15:07
imply an action. To imply means to
15:10
suggest something without actually
15:15
saying it. So if we say, if I say to
15:17
you, let's go for a drive, it means
15:19
let's drive somewhere. If I say let's
15:22
have a drink, it means let's drink
15:24
something. Do a favor, help, take a
15:27
break, relax. Instead of using these
15:30
verbs, these actions, I just suggest
15:33
them. I imply them in combination with a
15:36
noun and a verb. A simple a simple verb,
15:38
utility verb, and the noun. And I get a
15:42
little bit of a different vibe, I guess
15:45
you could call it, to the sentence.
15:47
Okay, so there you go. Those are all the
15:50
different functions we're going to look
15:52
at. All of this, if you're a little bit
15:53
confused, remember all of these things
15:56
will keep coming up again and again as
15:58
we get deeper and deeper into these
16:00
grammar courses. So, next video I'm
16:02
going to start looking at the noun
16:04
types. I'm going to start with common
16:06
nouns and proper nouns. And I'm going to
16:08
talk to you about concrete and abstract
16:10
nouns, tangible, intangible, real,
16:12
fictional, and all kinds of different
16:16
buzzwords that you may need to
16:18
understand as we go forward. Okay. So,
16:20
so that's it for today. Remember, if you
16:23
have any questions or comments, put them
16:25
below. If you like the video, click
16:26
like. Don't forget to subscribe to my
16:29
channel and come back uh next time,
16:30
become a member and get even more
16:33
benefits. and I'll see you next video.
16:35
Bye-bye.
16:37
歌词与翻译
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重点词汇
开始练习
| 词汇 | 含义 |
|---|---|
|
welcome /ˈwelkəm/ A2 |
|
|
noun /naʊn/ A1 |
|
|
function /ˈfʌŋkʃən/ B1 |
|
|
information /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/ A2 |
|
|
sentence /ˈsentəns/ A2 |
|
|
subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ A2 |
|
|
verb /vɜːrb/ A1 |
|
|
police /pəˈliːs/ A2 |
|
|
officer /ˈɒfɪsər/ B1 |
|
|
suspect /ˈsʌspekt/ B2 |
|
|
machine /məˈʃiːn/ A2 |
|
|
focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ B1 |
|
|
object /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/ A2 |
|
|
belief /bɪˈliːf/ B1 |
|
|
complement /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ C1 |
|
|
adjective /ˈædʒɪktɪv/ A2 |
|
|
example /ɪɡˈzæmpl/ A2 |
|
重点语法结构
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