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Ever since Israeli victory during the wars
of 1948 and 1956, the Arab coalition led by
00:20
Egypt, Syria and Jordan was eager to change
the situation in the region by defeating Israel.
00:27
Both sides understood that the conflict was
far from over and were preparing for the next
00:36
stage of confrontation.
00:41
International interference and inability of
the sides to find a settlement made one of
00:44
the most iconic conflicts of the modern era
– the Six-day War inevitable.
00:50
On May 13, 1967 the Soviet Union falsely informed
Egypt about concentration of 11-13 brigades
00:56
of the Israeli Defence Forces with an intent
to strike Syria.
01:05
In response Egypt started concentrating forces
along the border with Israel in Sinai and
01:10
on May 16 demanded the UN peacekeeping forces
to leave the peninsula.
01:16
At the same time, Israel refused the request
of the UN on deployment of the UNEF on their
01:22
side of the border either.
01:28
In the next few days Egypt, Israel, Jordan
and Sudan started mobilization of their forces,
01:30
Iraq sent expeditionary forces to Jordan,
Saudi Arabia expressed its willingness to
01:37
participate in military actions.
01:42
But the turning point, which made the full
scale confrontation inevitable was the decision
01:45
of Egypt to block Israeli ships from entering
the Straits of Tiran on May 22-23.
01:50
On June 1 Israel established a National Unity
Government, which on June 4 decided to go
02:00
to war.
02:07
The Arab Coalition of Egypt, Jordan and Syria
had an advantage over Israel in deployed troops
02:08
with 240 thousand against 100 thousand, in
tanks with 2504 against 800 and in aircrafts
02:15
with 957 against 300.
02:24
Israel planned to strike on June 5 with the
Operation Focus, which aimed to destroy Egyptian
02:29
air force.
02:35
The Israeli media published false reports
claiming Israeli soldiers are on vacation,
02:36
while their pilots were carrying out training
sorties as usual and their intelligence helped
02:42
make these trainings as realistic as possible
and damaged the tracking antenna of the US
02:48
Embassy to prevent the Americans finding out
about the operation before the strike took
02:55
place.
03:00
The Israeli pilots were informed about the
start of the operation only 5 hours in advance.
03:01
At the same time Egyptian air defence system
was effectively off on June 5.
03:08
Nearly 200 Israeli aircrafts attacked 14 Egyptian
airfields and caught them absolutely off guard.
03:14
338 Egyptian aircrafts were destroyed, 100
pilots were killed within 3 hours.
03:22
Jordanian and Syrian Airforce attacked Israel
in retaliation at 11 am June 5.
03:29
The response of Israeli airforce was attack
on their airfields which led to destruction
03:36
of all 28 Jordanian, 53 Syrian and 10 Iraqi
planes.
03:42
The Operation Focus was a decisive success:
Israel lost only 19 planes in this Operation
03:47
and guaranteed its total air dominance for
the rest of the war.
03:54
The ground war was taking place at three fronts:
the Sinai front, the Jordanian front, the
03:59
Syrian front.
04:05
At the Sinai front the Egyptian forces consisted
of seven divisions: four armoured, two infantry,
04:06
and one mechanized infantry.
04:13
Egypt had 100,000 troops and 900–950 tanks
in the Sinai, so Israel concentrated three
04:16
divisions consisting of six armoured, one
infantry, one mechanized infantry and three
04:24
paratrooper brigades for a total of 70,000
men and 700 tanks along this front.
04:29
Israel’s plan was to catch Egyptians off
guard by attacking simultaneously with air
04:37
strikes, and attacking through the Northern
and Central routes in the Sinai Peninsula
04:42
instead of the Central and Southern Routes
used during the Sinai War.
04:47
On 5 June, at 7:50 a.m., the northernmost
Israeli division, consisting of three brigades
04:52
and commanded by Major General Israel Tal
started its advance towards Arish through
04:59
Gaza with an aim to encircle Khan Yunis, while
the paratroopers were ordered to take Rafah.
05:04
Initially, Egyptians offered little resistance,
since their intelligence concluded that, this
05:11
was a diversion rather than a main attack.
05:16
However, soon resistance against the 60th
armoured brigade ramped up.
05:20
This did not stop the Israeli forces from
reaching Khan Yunis Railway junction in 4
05:25
hours.
05:31
Afterwards IDF advanced on Sheikh Zuweid and
defeated fierce Egyptian resistance thanks
05:32
to air domination.
05:38
The road on Arish was open and by 8 am of
6 July elements of the 79th Armored Battalion
05:40
and the 7th brigade entered the suspiciously
quiet city.
05:48
Suddenly the Egyptians started firing from
the balconies, windows and there was a heavy
05:53
battle going on for control in the city and
the IDF was only able to take full control
05:57
of the city after reinforcements were sent.
06:03
The northernmost division then split into
two parts.
06:07
One of them continued the advance on the Suez
channel, while the second group turned south
06:10
and captured Bir Lahfan and Jabal Libni.
06:16
Further south on 6 June, the 14 thousand men
150 tank strong Israeli 38th Armored Division
06:20
under Major-General Ariel Sharon was confronted
by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division under
06:27
Major-General Sa'adi Nagib, consisting of
16,000 troops and 90 tanks.
06:33
Israel successfully advanced towards Abu Ageila.
06:40
The paratroopers landed behind Egyptian positions
and sew enough confusion to weaken the artillery
06:43
of the Egyptian defense, which opened the
way of the IDF to capture Um Katef.
06:49
It was followed by fierce close tank battle,
which ended in an Israeli victory with 40
06:55
Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed.
07:02
The Egyptian forces in Sinai were still largely
intact, but their Field Marshal Abdel Hakim
07:07
Amer panicked and ordered retreat of all units
from Sinai after hearing about the fall of
07:14
Abu-Ageila.
07:21
This order did not elaborate on the sequence
and manner of the retreat, which only decreased
07:22
the defensive capabilities of the Egyptian
troops.
07:27
During the following days the IDF continued
its advance westward and inflicted heavy losses
07:33
on the Egyptians.
07:39
Despite episodic heavy resistance by the Egyptians
as in Bin Gafgafa, the napalm bombing by the
07:42
Israeli aviation and uncontrolled retreat
weakened the morale of the Egyptian troops.
07:48
Instead of catching retreating Egyptians,
the IDF decided to capture 3 passes from Sinai
07:55
to the Egyptian mainland and face the Egyptian
troops there.
08:00
Although IDF was not able to stop all Egyptian
troops from crossing, these passes became
08:05
a killing ground for the Egyptian troops with
10000 being killed in one day alone.
08:11
The capture of Sinai was completed by the
fall of Sharm El-Sheikh on June 7 and Ras
08:17
Sudar on June 8.
08:23
On June 9 UN Security council achieved armistice
between sides.
08:25
Israel wanted to avoid confrontation with
Jordan and Syria before defeating Egypt, but
08:32
the offers of neutrality to Jordan were rejected,
as the Egyptian president Nasser persuaded
08:38
King Hussain of Jordan that, Egypt had an
advantage against Israel.
08:44
On the morning of 5 June both sides started
the fire, but Israel attempted a last grasp
08:49
attempt to avoid confrontation with Jordan
by passing its message of request of peace
08:56
through the UN representative Bull.
09:01
King Hussain countered that it was too late
and the Jordanian aviation was already on
09:04
the way.
09:09
Jordanian and Iraqi aviation started shelling
Israeli controlled West Jerusalem, which caused
09:11
16, military and 20 civilian casualties, with
900 buildings damaged.
09:18
Israel responded with its own air attack within
the Operation Focus, which damaged military
09:24
aviation infrastructure of Jordan and secured
the Israeli air dominance.
09:29
East Jerusalem was controlled by Jordan at
the time and the Jordanian army took position
09:35
in the UN residency – the Government House
to fire on the Israeli sector.
09:41
The Jerusalem Brigade's Reserve Battalion
161 of Israel took the Government house despite
09:47
heavy losses and forced Jordanians to retreat
to Bethlehem.
09:53
Later on that day Israel encircled Eastern
Jerusalem with the Jerusalem Brigade from
09:58
the south, and the mechanized Harel Brigade
and 55th Paratroopers Brigade from the north.
10:03
Fierce battle happened for the Ammunition
Hill.
10:10
Jordanian resistance was so strong that, the
IDF lost all but two of their attacking officers
10:14
and achieved the goal only after 4 hours.
10:19
55th Paratroopers Brigade afterwards drove
eastwards linked up with Mount Scopus defeated
10:23
the other Jordanian positions around the American
Colony.
10:29
Towards the evening of June 5, the mechanized
Harel Brigade succeeded in taking Latrun and
10:34
Ramallah.
10:39
Also, the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured
Abu Tor and cut the Old City from Bethlehem
10:41
and Hebron.
10:48
On June 7 the Israeli Minister of Defence
Moshe Dayan ordered IDF to enter Old City
10:50
despite reservations and concerns of the Israeli
Government.
10:57
The fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers
out of fear of destruction of holy sites.
11:02
IDF took control of the Old City after little
resistance.
11:08
Judea, Hebron, Bethlehem and Nablus were also
captured by IDF on June 7.
11:12
Remnants of the Jordanian army fell back into
Jordan.
11:20
Israel was victorious on this front as well.
11:24
Syria also believed the Nasser about Egypt’s
early success in the conflict and sent its
11:30
aviation to attack Galilee.
11:35
This attack was intercepted by the Israeli
aviation.
11:38
A minor ground attack was also attempted by
the Syrians in attempt to capture the water
11:41
plants at Tel Dan, Dan, and She'ar Yashuv.
11:47
This was repulsed by IDF as well.
11:50
Israeli air domination, lack of communication
by Syrian units, tanks being too wide for
11:55
bridges were among the causes of unsuccessful
attack of the Syrians.
12:00
This caused them to abandon any attempts to
make ground offensive on Israel and airstrikes
12:06
were chosen as a method instead.
12:11
However, on the evening of June 5 Israel stroke
Syrian airfields within the Operation Focus,
12:14
destroying 2/3 of the Syrian airforce and
forcing the rest out of the conflict.
12:20
The Israeli leadership was unsure whether
to attack Syria or not.
12:26
On one hand Syria was using Golan Heights
to shell Israel, on the other hand it would
12:31
have been a literally uphill battle against
a fortified enemy.
12:37
But the intelligence about weakened positions
of Syria in general and in Golan Heights in
12:41
particular led Dayan to order an offensive
on Golan without government authorization.
12:47
The Israeli offensive started with air strikes
which severely damaged defensive infrastructure
12:54
and morale of the Syrian Army.
12:59
The 8th Armored Brigade, led by Colonel Albert
Mandler, advanced into the Golan Heights from
13:02
Givat HaEm.
13:08
Heavy fighting in unfavourable terrain led
to numerous casualties on both sides, but
13:10
with the help of aviation IDF ultimately captured
Zaura, Qala and Ein Fit fortresses.
13:15
In the central sector, the Israeli 181st Battalion
captured the strongholds of Dardara and Tel
13:22
Hillal after fierce fighting.
13:29
By the evening of June 9 Israel reached the
plateau, which allowed reinforcements to come.
13:32
Israel had 8 brigades by dawn ready for an
assault on the second line of defenses..
13:40
Soon the ceasefire was negotiated around the
so called Purple Line.
13:45
By 11 June all military actions stopped.
13:51
Up to 983 Israelis, 15000 Egyptians, 700 Jordanians
and 2500 Syrians were killed in action.
13:55
Israel gained a huge victory.
14:07
It seized the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula,
the West Bank of the Jordan River (including
14:09
East Jerusalem), and the Golan Heights.
14:15
About one million Arabs were placed under
Israel's direct control in the newly captured
14:18
territories.
14:23
The Israeli victory came as a result of more
efficient military leadership, better preparation
14:25
of troops and intelligence.
14:31
But the Six-Day war by no means was the last
conflict and merely 6 years later the confrontation
14:33
escalated into another war.
14:40
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歌词与翻译
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重点词汇
开始练习
| 词汇 | 含义 |
|---|---|
|
war /wɔːr/ B1 |
|
|
Israel /ˈɪzreɪəl/ B1 |
|
|
Egypt /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ B1 |
|
|
victory /ˈvɪktəri/ B2 |
|
|
attack /əˈtæk/ B1 |
|
|
defeat /dɪˈfiːt/ B2 |
|
|
forces /ˈfɔːrsɪz/ B1 |
|
|
troops /truːps/ B1 |
|
|
tanks /tæŋks/ B1 |
|
|
aircraft /ˈɛərkrɑːft/ B1 |
|
|
strike /straɪk/ B1 |
|
|
decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/ B2 |
|
|
dominance /ˈdɒmɪnəns/ C1 |
|
|
advance /ədˈvæns/ B1 |
|
|
capture /ˈkæptʃər/ B1 |
|
|
brigade /brɪˈɡeɪd/ C1 |
|
|
operation /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃən/ B2 |
|
|
mobilization /ˌməʊbɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ C1 |
|
|
ceasefire /ˈsiːsfaɪər/ C1 |
|
|
retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ B2 |
|
重点语法结构
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我们正在更新此部分，敬请期待！
相关歌曲