Today there are more than 1.5 billion Muslims
living across the globe with Muslim majority
00:06
countries spreading from Morocco to Indonesia.
00:11
But just like virtually all other religions,
Islam is not united and has branches interpreting
00:14
Quran and matters related to political events
in the history of Islam in a different way.
00:22
The two main denominations of Islam are Sunnism
and Shiism with Sunnis making up 85-90% of
00:28
the Muslim population.
00:36
But how did the split in the Muslim world
happened?
00:38
In today’s video we are going to talk about
the schism in Islam, emergence of Sunni and
00:40
Shia Islam and the effects it had on the Caliphate
and beyond.
00:46
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We need to start our story with Ali ibn Abi
Talib, one of the most important persons in
01:59
the history of Islam.
02:04
Ali was born in Mecca in the powerful Hashimi
clan and was a cousin of the Muslim Prophet
02:06
Muhammad.
02:11
They had a strong bond, as Ali’s father
had raised Muhammad when he became orphaned
02:12
and later Ali would live in Muhammad’s household.
02:18
When in 610 AD Muhammad proclaimed his prophethood,
Ali was one of the first persons to accept
02:21
Islam and recognize Muhammad as the prophet.
02:27
But Muhammad’s proselytizing was not initially
popular among the polytheistic Meccans and
02:30
he and the early Muslims had been oppressed.
02:36
The rumours of a plot against Muhammad were
spreading, forcing him to leave Mecca for
02:39
Medina with majority of his followers in 622,
which was called Hijra - the migration - an
02:44
event so momentous that the new Islamic calendar
starts with that day.
02:51
Initially Ali stayed behind to return people
the possessions they had entrusted upon the
02:57
Prophet for safekeeping, but very soon he
joined other Muslims in Medina and in 623
03:01
married Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah Zahra,
becoming one of the most trusted companions
03:08
of Muhammad.
03:13
Known in the Muslim community for wisdom and
fairness, he earned the nickname Asad Allah
03:15
- the Lion of God - for his military exploits
and courage on the battlefield.
03:19
By 631 the Islamic community - the Ummah - had
been able to assert control over Mecca and
03:25
large swathes of the Arabian Peninsula and
was already a formidable force, but who was
03:32
going to succeed aging Muhammad?
03:37
And this is the root of the split in Islam.
03:40
As one would expect Sunni and Shia sources
offer different interpretations.
03:44
On the way back from his last pilgrimage Muhammad
made a sermon at the Ghadir Khumm oasis, took
03:50
Ali by his hand and proclaimed that "Anyone
who has me as his Mawla , has Ali as his Mawla".
03:56
Shia theology believes that in Ghadir Khumm
the Prophet designated Ali as his successor
04:03
by calling him Mawla - a polysemous Arabic
word with several meanings, one of which is
04:09
leader or master.
04:15
Sunnis believe that the Ghadir Khumm episode
was merely a proclamation of affinity of the
04:17
Prophet to his loyal companion and son-in-law
and interpret the word Mawla using its second
04:22
definition - a friend.
04:28
Another important episode in the succession
dispute between the Sunni and Shia theologies
04:31
is connected to the so-called Pen and Paper
episode.
04:36
This is considered a genuine hadith, as both
Sunni and Shia theologians accept it, but
04:40
interpret differently.
04:46
In Islam, a hadith is a story on the life
of Muhammad with religious and legal messages
04:48
for the Muslim community, and according to
this one, a few days before his death, Muhammad
04:54
asked his companions to bring him pen and
paper so that he could write a statement in
05:00
order to prevent the Ummah from going astray
after his death.
05:05
But one of Muhammad’s closest companions
Umar said: “The Prophet is seriously ill,
05:08
and we have got Allah’s Book with us and
that is sufficient for us”.
05:14
This led to a loud dispute in the room in
the presence of Muhammad, who got unhappy
05:19
and called everyone to leave.
05:24
It is still unclear what the prophet wanted
to write.
05:26
Shias claim that he intended to designate
Ali as his successor, but there is no way
05:30
to determine this.
05:34
According to Sunnis, the Prophet did not explicitly
designate a successor and left it for the
05:36
Islamic community to decide.
05:42
There are other events which Sunnis and Shia
base their claims on regarding the succession,
05:45
but in short following Muhammad’s death
in 632, the Ummah did not have a consensus
05:50
on a new leader.
05:55
While Ali took charge of the arrangements
of the funeral, a meeting to decide the successor
05:58
took place in Medina.
06:02
Ali and two other prominent companions of
the Prophet Abu Bakr and Umar were not present
06:04
and deliberations took place without them.
06:10
In fact majority of those present were the
Muslims residing in Medina, who welcomed Muhammad
06:13
or were converted later, while very few of
those who went on a Hijra from Mecca to Medina
06:19
with Muhammad were there.
06:24
Abu Bakr and Umar rushed to the meeting and
took charge of the process in Ali’s absence.
06:25
The latter was one of the first converts to
Islam, Muhammad’s father-in-law through
06:31
his daughter Aisha.
06:36
Deeply respected by modern Sunnis, he was
very rich and contributed a lot to the cause
06:38
of Islam, and arguably one of the main contenders
to leadership.
06:43
Umar was also a close companion of Muhammad,
also his father-in-law through his daughter
06:48
Hafsa, known for his zealous protection of
the Prophet.
06:53
He is known as a just, intelligent and wise
person in the Sunni tradition.
06:57
After a heated debate, Umar was able to persuade
those present to choose Abu Bakr as the successor
07:03
- the Caliph, a ruler of the Muslim Ummah.
07:09
Ali was later presented with the fact of succession
and along with a number of other companions
07:12
initially refused to accept the decision,
as it was taken without him, while he was
07:18
one of the strongest candidates.
07:23
Umar embarked on the process of persuading
or forcing the companions to offer fealty
07:25
to Abu Bakr.
07:30
He personally came to Ali’s house to persuade
him.
07:32
The events which followed have been the subject
of much dispute, as the Sunnis believe that
07:35
Umar was able to peacefully persuade Ali to
recognize Abu Bakr’s Caliphate.
07:40
According to Shia sources, Umar forced Ali
to concede by breaking into the house, slamming
07:46
the door, which broke Ali’s wife Fatimah
Zahrah ribs, eventually leading to miscarriage
07:51
of their child.
07:57
Ali himself was tied with a rope to force
his allegiance.
07:58
It is impossible to verify what really happened,
but eventually Ali accepted Abu Bakr and his
08:02
successor Umar as caliphs and retired from
public life.
08:08
He was often consulted in matters of state.
08:13
Ali accepted the selection of Umar as caliph
and even gave one of his daughters, Umm Kulthūm,
08:16
to him in marriage.
08:21
After the death of Umar in 644, Ali was considered
for the position, but eventually another companion
08:23
of Muhammad, Uthman of the Banu Umayyah clan,
became the new caliph.
08:30
Again, Ali recognized the new caliph, but
very soon discontent in the Caliphate grew.
08:34
Again the sources do not agree on the reasons,
but many claimed that Uthman’s nepotism
08:41
and leniency towards tribal rivalries was
the cause of the opposition against him.
08:45
Rebels offered to support Ali as an alternative
to Uthman, but Ali refused and even sent his
08:51
sons Hassan and Husain to protect Uthman’s
house, where eventually despite all the protection
08:57
Uthman was assassinated by rebels from Egypt
in 656.
09:03
Finally Ali’s turn to become a caliph came
and he became the fourth and the last of the
09:08
Rashidun Caliphs.
09:13
But his election was not smooth and he became
a caliph amidst very tumultuous times.
09:14
The Prophet’s wife Aisha and Uthman’s
relatives from the Banu Umayyah clan, including
09:21
the governor of Syria Muawiya demanded Ali
to punish the plotters of Uthman’s death,
09:26
but since some of them were Ali’s supporters,
the new caliph rejected and soon the First
09:32
Muslim Civil War, called Fitna started.
09:37
In December 656, Ali’s army defeated the
rebels at the Battle of Camel near Basra,
09:41
but Muawiya still refused to accept Ali as
a new caliph and the anti-Ali opposition gathered
09:47
around him.
09:53
Ali was willing to not repeat Uthman’s mistakes
and carried out measures to centralize the
09:54
caliphate and decrease the power of governors.
09:59
The two men assembled their armies and confronted
each other at Siffin, on the Euphrates, in
10:03
657.
10:08
Neither side was keen to commit to a major
battle, but after three months of occasional
10:09
skirmishes, when serious fighting finally
broke out, Muawiya’s followers called for
10:15
an arbitration, apparently after riding out
with copies of the Quran on their lances to
10:20
bring the conflict to a stop.
10:25
Ali was forced to agree, but some of his followers
objected and abandoned him; they became known
10:28
as kharijis, from the Arabic verb kharaja
to leave because they left Ali’s army.
10:34
According to the arbitration, which took place
at Adhruh in 658 or 659, it was ruled that
10:40
both Ali and Muawiya should relinquish their
claims and the Muslim Ummah should have a
10:47
chance to choose their own ruler.
10:52
Ali rejected this ruling and the stalemate
continued as Muawiya’s supporters proclaimed
10:55
him a caliph in Damascus in 660.
11:00
The following year Ali was assassinated by
the Kharijis while praying in the mosque at
11:04
Kufa.
11:09
Ali’s son Hasan was proclaimed a new caliph
in Kufa, which became the capital during Ali’s
11:10
short reign.
11:16
But Muawiya had a far stronger army, thus
Hasan stepped down as a caliph in order to
11:17
avoid further bloodshed and a treaty between
the sides was signed.
11:22
According to the treaty:
- Hasan accepted Muawiya as a caliph under
11:27
the condition that he would act in accordance
with Islam
11:31
- Muawiya should not appoint a successor and
a new caliph should be elected by the electoral
11:34
council - Shura
- Muawiya should abandon cursing Ali and persecuting
11:40
Ali’s family and supporters.
11:45
But Muawiya would not stay true to his pledges
and towards the end of his reign he designated
11:48
his son Yazid as a successor.
11:54
This would be breaking off the tradition of
the Islamic Caliphate as a state, which elected
11:57
its leader through consultation or election,
to a monarchy.
12:02
Muawiya summoned the Shura in Damascus, the
new capital of the Caliphate and through persuasion
12:06
and bribery was able to secure support for
Yazid.
12:12
This development caused significant opposition
in different quarters and this opposition
12:16
started gathering around Muhammad’s grandson
and Ali’s son, Husain, who replaced Hasan,
12:21
who passed away in 670, as the leader.
12:26
Despite the opposition, Muawiya was able to
secure the support of Mecca and Medina for
12:30
Yazid.
12:35
Ali’s capital Kufa was the potential stronghold
of the opposition and the death of Muawiya
12:36
in 680 put the events, which would further
divide the Islamic World, into action.
12:42
Following Muawiya’s death Yazid became a
new caliph and immediately demanded allegiance
12:48
of Husain.
12:53
Yazid’s envoy could not persuade Husain
to do this and was afraid of killing him,
12:54
since Husain was the Prophet’s grandson.
13:00
Around the same time, the people of the city
of Kufa started sending letters to Husain
13:03
informing him about their opposition to the
Umayyad rule, their support for him and intention
13:08
to remove Yazid from power and install him
instead.
13:13
The Kufans sided with Ali during the first
Fitna, continued to support his family by
13:17
backing Hasan and were unhappy when he abdicated
in favour of Muawiya.
13:23
Husain accepted this call and sent his cousin
Muslim ibn Aqil to Kufa to assess the situation
13:28
and gather support.
13:34
Initially, Muslim ibn Aqil was very successful
and he informed Hussain of the progress.
13:36
Yazid was forced to change the governor of
Kufa to defeat the opposition in the city
13:42
and the new governor succeeded in doing just
that.
13:47
With the support dwindling, Muslim ibn Aqil
decided to carry out a revolt before Husain’s
13:51
arrival, but it was defeated.
13:56
Husain did not know about this and in September
680 started his journey towards Kufa with
13:59
around 50 men and his family members.
14:05
On the way Husain received information about
the death of Muslim ibn Aqil and the defeat
14:08
of the revolt in Kufa.
14:13
He called on those who joined him on the way
to leave, understanding the futility of his
14:15
attempt to challenge Yazid.
14:20
Very soon Yazid’s forces confronted Husain
and an envoy of the Kufa’s new governor
14:22
told Husain to come with him or turn back
and go anywhere, but Medina.
14:28
Husain refused and continued on his path with
the envoys forces accompanying him.
14:33
On the 2nd of October Husain reached Karbala
and set camp there.
14:39
On the following day Yazid sent additional
4k men to confront Husain.
14:43
The Umayyad army had orders to prevent Husain’s
men from accessing the Euphrates river, in
14:49
order to force them to concede due to lack
of water.
14:54
But 3 days later Husain’s group was able
to access water, creating a stalemate.
14:58
For over a week Yazid’s officials had tried
to persuade Husain to accept his fate and
15:04
pledge allegiance to Yazid, since they understood
the consequences of attacking the Prophet’s
15:09
grandson.
15:14
Ultimately, Husain refused the offers of Yazid
and on the 10th of October the Umayyad army
15:15
approached Husain’s camp and both sides
took their battle positions.
15:21
Husain’s companions fought valiantly, but
the forces were extremely uneven - he and
15:26
his men were massacred.
15:32
This included 7 sons of Ali, including Husain
himself, two of Husain’s son’s, three
15:34
sons of his brother Hasan and other grandchildren
of Ali.
15:39
Many from the prophet’s family were killed.
15:44
This was a final straw completing the schism
in the Islamic world and dividing into Sunni
15:47
and Shia.
15:53
The process, which started with the dispute
over succession to Muhammad and continued
15:55
with killing of Ali and Husain caused the
split of Islam with Shiat Ali - Ali’s Party
16:00
- first becoming a political movement within
Islam and later transforming into a branch
16:06
of Islam offering alternative interpretation
of Quran and Hadiths, its own view on Islamic
16:11
jurisprudence, on state and some religious
practices, venerating the People of the House
16:17
(Ahl al-Bayt) Muhammad’s direcet descendants
as his righteous succesors.
16:23
The Sunni, also known as The People of the
Sunnah and the Community - Ahl as-Sunnah wa
16:28
l-jamaah) remained the majority in Islam and
although naturally there have been some transformation
16:33
in the Sunni Islam in comparison with early
Islam coming with new times and different
16:39
interpretations of holy texts by the Sunni
scholars, the main distinctions between the
16:44
two largest branches of Islam go back to the
events we have described above.
16:49
And while the Sunni theology respects the
Ahl al-Bayt as well, it rejects the premise
16:54
that the Islamic Ummah should be ruled by
Ahl al-Bayt.
16:59
The Killing of Ali, massacre of Husain, his
family members and companions strengthened
17:04
the sense of injustice against the Prophet’s
family among the Shia Muslims and turned martyrdom
17:09
into one of its main pillars.
17:14
Ali’s martyrdom during the prayer, Husain’s
martyrdom during the struggle against the
17:16
perceived tyrant and usurper, turned into
a powerful symbol of the Shia Islam.
17:21
The first month of the Muslim calendar - Muharram
is the annual period of mourning for the Shia
17:27
Muslims with the 10th of Muharram known as
Ashura, the day of the Battle of Karbala,
17:32
becoming the peak day of mourning ceremonies.
17:38
Millions of devoted Shias make the Arbaeen
pilgrimage on foot to the Holy Shrine of Imam
17:41
Husain in Karbala every year.
17:47
The Shia defeat in the Battle of Karbala did
not stop the supporters of the Ahl al-Bayt
17:50
from opposing the existing state of affairs
in the Islamic World.
17:56
Dissenters to the existing state of affairs
in Islam would take up the flag of the Party
18:01
of Ali and challenge the rule of the Caliphate.
18:06
Numerous powerful states and dynasties such
as the Fatimids, Buyids, Nizaris, Safavids
18:09
and others emerged throughout the Islamic
world armed with the powerful idea of Shia
18:15
Islam.
18:20
In our episode on the Hashashins, link to
which is in description and pinned comment,
18:21
you can learn about some of the events that
followed the Muslim Schism, and we are planning
18:26
more episodes on the topic, so make sure you
are subscribed and have pressed the bell button
18:31
to see the next video in the series.
18:36
Please, consider liking, commenting, and sharing
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18:38
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18:51
This is the Kings and Generals channel, and
we will catch you on the next one.
18:55
歌词与翻译
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我们正在更新此部分，敬请期待！
重点词汇
开始练习
| 词汇 | 含义 |
|---|---|
|
Islam /ˈɪzlɑːm/ B2 |
|
|
Muslim /ˈmʊzlɪm/ B1 |
|
|
Quran /kəˈrɑːn/ B2 |
|
|
Prophet /ˈprɒfɪt/ A2 |
|
|
Muhammad /muˈhæməd/ B2 |
|
|
Ali /ˈɑːli/ B2 |
|
|
succession /səkˈsɛʃən/ B2 |
|
|
schism /ˈskɪzəm/ C1 |
|
|
Sunni /ˈsʊni/ B2 |
|
|
Shia /ˈʃiːə/ B2 |
|
|
Caliph /ˈkeɪlɪf/ C1 |
|
|
Caliphate /ˈkeɪlɪfeɪt/ C1 |
|
|
Ummah /ˈʊmə/ C1 |
|
|
Hadith /ˈhædɪθ/ C1 |
|
|
Hijra /ˈhɪdʒrə/ C1 |
|
|
Fitna /ˈfɪtnə/ C2 |
|
|
Ahl al-Bayt /ˌɑːl æl ˈbaɪt/ C2 |
|
|
martyrdom /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/ B2 |
|
|
split /splɪt/ B1 |
|
重点语法结构
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我们正在更新此部分，敬请期待！
相关歌曲